In dealing with ethical issues, non-profit managers are often faced with dilemmas that defy a simple choice between right and wrong. When there is no obvious way of prioritizing responsibility, and no precedent to emulate, resolution of such dilemmas demands careful consideration of stakeholder expectations when looking at the ethical options, so that decisions satisfy not only the immediate problem but also align with the organization’s mission, values and ethical code. This paper follows research that examined the types of ethical dilemmas experienced across thirty-seven non-profit organizations, where it was found that a reliable method for depicting and resolving dilemmas was needed. The paper uses three cases, drawn from non-profit organizations in Australia and Taiwan, to introduce the Business Ethics Synergy Star (BESS)- a technique that allows non-profit organizations to concisely depict a dilemma and then resolve it, and a step-by-step process associated with BESS, known

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The manuscript focuses on developing our understanding of what constitutes relationship quality in three large and developing economies. It attempts to understand which attributes are important in assessing relationship quality and how they may vary in importance among countries. Specifically the research seeks to examine how Iranian, Russian and Chinese managers trade off different attributes of relationship quality, and explores the variation within and between respondent managers in each of the three countries. Whilst the routes to develop relationships may vary between different countries, the attributes which make up relationships are also likely to be valued differently in various places around the World. As a result, it is perceived that the research findings will make an incremental contribution to the relationship quality literature, and will provide useful insights for academics, governmental policy makers, and international managers that seek to understand more in the quest to develop or improve the quality of international business relationships.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Business ethics is often ignored in China’s educational system. While the topic is well researched in the USA, it is hardly studied in the Chinese context. This study is an exploratory study of ethical dimensions in China. It reviews the extant literature on business ethics in China, collects data on ethical conduct from a large Chinese university, and analyzes the data in detail to examine emerging trends. The study applies factor analysis and multidimensional scaling on a research survey instrument used in previously published articles on ethical behavior. The resulting factors and dimensions are discussed, and future research is suggested.

context: negotiating interactions arising from guanxi and mianzi in business relationships by