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...ntly been recognized as an increasingly common cause of invasive disease in immunocompromised patients (16). Like other bacterial pathogens, e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae (27), Enterococcus faecalis =-=(33)-=-, and Streptococcus mutans (38), it has the ability to survive and multiply in various anatomical niches and body fluids of the host, including serum, which requires the expression and coordinate regu...

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...ound to be the most common factor. It was also previously determined that E. faecalis expressed gelE at the second highest level among several enterococcal virulence genes upon culture in human serum =-=(44)-=-. In parallel with these previous results, our data (Fig. 3) showed that E. faecalis GelE negated an inducible antimicrobial activity of the G. mellonella hemolymph, which was attributed to the degrad...

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...nical and community sources. While some of these studies measured gelatinase activity by plate assay (1, 5, 7, 10, 28), others used DNA-based techniques to determine whether the gelE gene was present =-=(25)-=-, and such techniques are now known to not reliably predict the gelatinase phenotype. In our study, we used the gelatinase plate assay, hybridization, and PCR to correlate the observed gelatinase phen...

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...ortedly induced to similar levels during logarithmic growth in serum and in urine and strongly induced during stationary growth in urine compared to a medium devoid of mammal-derived components (2YT) =-=(58)-=-. We failed to detect transcriptional induction of elrA of OG1RF in urine and serum using lacZ and luciferase reporter genes (data not shown), suggesting that elrA may be differentially regulated in t...

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...ound to be the most common factor. It was also previously determined that E. faecalis expressed gelE at the second highest level among several enterococcal virulence genes upon culture in human serum =-=(44)-=-. In parallel with these previous results, our data (Fig. 3) showed that E. faecalis GelE negated an inducible antimicrobial activity of the G. mellonella hemolymph, which was attributed to the degrad...

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...ENN STATE UNIV http://iai.asm .org/ D ow nloaded from hypothesis is supported by the observations that gls24 mRNA in E. faecalis grown in serum and urine is increased relative to that in 2 YT medium =-=(9)-=-, that gls24 is important for resistance to bile salts and for E. faecalis virulence in both a mouse peritonitis and endocarditis models, and that antibodies against Gls24 were shown to provide protec...

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...ies (Gaithersburg, Md.) and were used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For culturing E. faecalis under logarithmic and stationary-phase growth, conditions reported by Shepard and Gilmore =-=(35)-=- were employed. Briefly, an overnight culture was diluted 1:100 into fresh prewarmed medium and was cultured for an additional 3 to 4 h at 37°C without shaking. For serum and urine cultures, a single ...

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...iological environments. Due to the high association of E. faecalis with urinary tract infections and bacteremia, virulence gene expression profiles during growth in urine and serum were investigated (=-=Shepard and Gilmore, 2002-=-). A number of virulence associated genes were upregulated in these conditions, and expression appeared to be influenced by growth phase and environmental condition. Additionally, the presence of oxyg...