- Transfer of payment to seller . Trust - Credit system, reputations, rating agencies like Consumer Reports and Better Business Bureaus Institutional infrastucture . Legal - Commercial code, contract law, dispute resolution, intellectual property protection . Regulatory - Rules and regulations

Currently, two modelsof innovation are prevalent in organization science. The "private investment" model assumes returns to the innovator resultfsu private goods andef ficient regimesof intellectual property protection. The "collective action" model assumes that under

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that di¤er in market size and in their capacities for innovation. After describing the determination of national patent

Using a dynamic general equilibrium model of the international product cycle, we found that the e®ects of strengthening intellectual property rights protection (IPP) in South depend crucially on the channel of production transfer from North to South. Stronger IPP in South increases the rate

Digital system designs are the product of valuable effort and knowhow. Their embodiments, from software and HDL program down to device-level netlist and mask data, represent carefully guarded intellectual property (IP). Hence, design methodologies based on IP reuse require new mechanisms to protect

We investigate how liability rules and property rules protect intellectual property. Infringement might not be deterred under any of the enforcement regimes available. However, counterintuitively, a credible threat of infringement can actually benefit the patentholder. We compare the two doctrines

Of the diverse factors motivating technological change, one factor that has received increasing attention in the recent past has been the protection of intellectual property rights. Given fairly recent changes in the international policy ethos where a regime of stronger intellectual property

With the increased global attention to intellectual property rights (IPR) issues, scholars have begun to pay more atten-tion to IPR protection and its economic

Derwent for generously providing access to their LitAlert database, which was critical to making this project feasible. We thank Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe and Manuel Trajtenberg for their provision of some data inputs, Joe Cecil from the Federal Judicial Center and Jim Hirabayashi of the U.S. Patent and Trademark office for helpful discussions about the court and patent data. Finally, we are grateful to Marty Adelman, Wes Cohen, Adam Jaffe, Kimberly Moore, Michelle White, an Editor of the journal and an anonymous referee for useful comments. Maria Fitzpatrick provided excellent research assistance.

A new board game may be protected by several forms of intellectual property i.e. patents, registered design, design right, copyright and registered trade marks. Intellectual property does not protect ideas as such but rather the physical realisation of those ideas. There is a problem with patenting