Many products have little or no value in isolation, but generate value when combined with others. Examples include: nuts and bolts, which together provide fastening services; home audio or video components and programming, which together provide entertainment services; automobiles, repair parts

changes to the basic structure of objects in the heap. However, these implementations perform poorly because they interpose on all accesses to shared memory in the atomic block, redirecting updates to a thread-private log which must be searched by reads in the block and later reconciled with the heap when

This paper provides an empirical analysis of how the U.S. Social Security and Medicare insurance system affect the labor supply of older males in the presence of incomplete markets for loans, annuities, and health insurance. We estimate a detailed dynamic programming (DP) model of the joint labor

conditionsof market f ailure, innovators collaborate in order to produce a public good. The phenomenonof open sourcesofc are development shows that users program to solve their own as well as shared technical problems, andfd./( reveal their innovations without appropriating private returnsftu selling

execute the loop as a doall, and apply a fully parallel data dependence test to determine if it had any cross--iteration dependences; if the test fails, then the loop is re--executed serially. Since, from our experience, a significant amount of the available parallelism in Fortran programs can

In 1990 Wisconsin began providing vouchers to a small number of low-income students to attend nonsectarian private schools. Controlling for individual xed-effects, I compare the test scores of students selected to attend a participating private school with those of unsuccessful applicants and other

Dependences among loads and stores whose addresses are unknown hinder the extraction of instruction level parallelism during the execution of a sequential program. Such ambiguous memory dependences can be overcome by memory dependence speculation which enables a load or store to be speculatively

One aspect of security in mobile code is privacy: private (or secret) data should not be leaked to unauthorised agents. Most of the work on secure information flow has until recently only been concerned with detecting direct and indirect flows. Secret information can however be leaked

���We consider an azimuthally symmetric solution to Poison’s equation, ∇ 2ϕ=4πGρ, for empty space and so doing, a gravitational potential dependent on both r and θ is obtained, that isϕ=ϕ(r,θ). From this potential it is possible to explain qualitatively why Pioneer 10/11 detected an anomalous acceleration of (8.74±1.33)×10 −10 ms−2 directed radially toward the Sun. The derived potential has implications for planetary motions in the solar system such as the advance of the perihelion of planetary orbits and also the tilt of some of the planetary orbits. The equation for the planetary orbits are derived but not explored here.

Emerald is an object.based language for the construction of distributed applications. The principal features of Emerald lnehtde a uniform object model appropriate for programming both private local objects and shared remote objects, and a type system that permits multiple user.defined and compiler