A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards signifi-cantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d =-0.40,-0.36, and-0.28, respectively

. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached. Index Terms — Coded CDMA, instantaneous MMSE filtering, multiuser detection, soft interference

sensor networks. We demonstrate that the attack can be exceedingly detrimental to many important functions of the sensor network such as routing, resource allocation, misbehavior detection, etc. We establish a classification of different types of the Sybil attack, which enables us to bet-ter understand

on intrinsic task interest and creativity revealed, however, that (a) detrimental effects of reward occur under highly restricted, easily avoidable conditions, " (b) mechanisms of instrumental and classical conditioning are basic for understanding incremental and decremental effects of reward on task

The zero lower bound on nominal interest rates constrains the central bank's ability to stimulate the economy during downturns. We use the FRB/US model to quantify the effects of the bound on macroeconomic stabilization and to explore how policy can be designed to minimize these effects

that have widespread detrimental effects on health rather than solely changing the habits of individuals. Further progress in this field requires building new structures for health promotion, new systems for risk reduction and greater emphasis on health policy initiatives. People's beliefs

Adding examples of the majority class to the training set can have a detrimental effect on the learner's behavior: noisy or otherwise unreliable examples from the majority class can overwhelm the minority class. The paper discusses criteria to evaluate the utility of classifiers induced

This study investigates how parental employment affects child cognitive development. The results indicate that maternal labor supply during the first three years of the child's life has a small negative effect on the predicted verbal ability of 3 and 4 year olds and a larger detrimental impact

people have been puzzled by the counter-intuitive character of the laws of nature. Over time we have learned to accept more and more effects that are unimaginable in a classical Newtonian world. Modern technology exploits quantum effects both to our benefit and detriment—among the memorable examples we

For many years, environmental agencies have sought to improve the water quality of lakes and estuaries by reducing inputs of phosphorus. New research indicates that we must reduce both phosphorus and nitrogen to reverse eutrophica-tion symptoms. Nutrients are chemical elements that influence the productivity of all ecosystems. Nitrogen and phosphorus are two nutrients that are essential for the growth and survival of plants and animals, but often are present in short supply. Both nitrogen and phosphorus are applied regularly through fertilizer to increase the yield of crops needed to feed human populations. Fertilizers also are used widely for residential and commercial landscaping purposes.