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@MISC{_contentslists,
author = {},
title = {Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect},
year = {}
}
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Abstract
Mobile-assisted learning ss netw these methods; therefore, elementary school teachers in Taiwan teach outdoors frequently (Tan, Liu, & Chang, 2007). However, most outdoor teaching approaches are ineffective because students lack expert assistance and convenient outdoor learning tools. Students often do not learn sufficient or useful knowledge without observing teaching materials carefully in outdoor teaching (Chen, Kao, & Sheu, 2003; Tan et al., 2007). This situation influences the learning achievement of students with authentic activities in outdoor teaching. Therefore, the
