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A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation
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@MISC{Deci_ameta-analytic,
author = {Edward L. Deci and Richard Koestner and Richard M. Ryan},
title = {A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation},
year = {}
}
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Abstract
A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards signifi-cantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d =-0.40,-0.36, and-0.28, respectively), as did all rewards, all tangible rewards, and all expected rewards. Engagement-contingent and completion-contingent rewards also significantly undermined self-reported interest (d =-0.15, and —0.17), as did all tangible rewards and all expected rewards. Positive feedback enhanced both free-choice behavior (d = 0.33) and self-reported interest (d = 0.31). Tangible rewards tended to be more detrimental for children than college students, and verbal rewards tended to be less enhancing for children than college students. The authors review 4 previous meta-analyses of this literature and detail how this study's methods, analyses, and results differed from the previous ones. By 1971, hundreds of studies within the operant tradition (Skin-ner, 1953) had established that extrinsic rewards can control be-havior. When administered closely subsequent to a behavior, re-wards were reliably found to increase the likelihood that the behavior would be emitted again, an effect that persisted as long as
Keyphrases
extrinsic reward intrinsic motivation meta-analytic review tangible reward college student previous meta-analyses completion-contingent reward free-choice behavior operant tradition verbal reward undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation self-reported interest positive feedback undermined self-reported interest previous one performance-contingent reward
