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...stry. Prominent examples include OMNeT++ [19], the Java-based JiST [3] and commercial tools such as the OPNet modeler [14]. In addition, specialized simulation tools, such as the WSN simulator TOSSIM =-=[9]-=-, serve dedicated research domains. This leaves many researchers and graduate students with the question of which network simulator to use, especially if one is interested in achieving a high simulati...

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... topologies, given the fact that the network topology is merely a set of simulation parameters. Most available network simulation toolkits are based on the paradigm of discrete event-based simulation =-=[5]-=- (DES). Here, the simulated network nodes trigger events, for instance, when a packet is sent to another node. The simulator maintains an event queue sorted by the scheduled event execution time. The ...

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...its successor, ns-3, is the improvement of simulation performance. Besides ns-2, over a dozen network simulators are presently used in academia and in the industry. Prominent examples include OMNeT++ =-=[19]-=-, the Java-based JiST [3] and commercial tools such as the OPNet modeler [14]. In addition, specialized simulation tools, such as the WSN simulator TOSSIM [9], serve dedicated research domains. This l...

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...e improvement of simulation performance. Besides ns-2, over a dozen network simulators are presently used in academia and in the industry. Prominent examples include OMNeT++ [19], the Java-based JiST =-=[3]-=- and commercial tools such as the OPNet modeler [14]. In addition, specialized simulation tools, such as the WSN simulator TOSSIM [9], serve dedicated research domains. This leaves many researchers an...

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...fic generators, are publicly available for ns-2. They can be used off-theshelf, thus eliminating the need of implementing them by hand. However, a major shortcoming of ns-2 is its limited scalability =-=[6, 20]-=- in terms of memory usage and simulation run-time. This is especially a problem as new research domains in the field of computer networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), peer-to-peer network...

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...mulation itself is performed by successively processing the events in the queue. The first approaches where DES was applied to the simulation of computer networks were published about two decades ago =-=[4, 8]-=-. ns-2 [13] is a direct successor of those early efforts and since then, it has become virtually the standard for network simulation. This can be attributed to the fact that numerous models, e.g. prot...

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...mulation itself is performed by successively processing the events in the queue. The first approaches where DES was applied to the simulation of computer networks were published about two decades ago =-=[4, 8]-=-. ns-2 [13] is a direct successor of those early efforts and since then, it has become virtually the standard for network simulation. This can be attributed to the fact that numerous models, e.g. prot...

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... A couple of network simulator performance comparisons have been published in recent years. Most of the more recent ones compare ns-2 with other simulation tools. One example is the work presented in =-=[12]-=-, where the performance of a TCPbased reference simulation implemented in ns-2 is checked against SSFNet and JavaSim (now known J-Sim), two older simulators. In their work, the authors also observe la...

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...on, given the fact that with its INET package it provides a comprehensive collection of Internet protocol models. In addition, other model packages such as the OMNeT++ Mobility Framework and Castalia =-=[15]-=- facilitate the simulation of mobile ad hoc networks or wireless sensor networks. OMNeT++ simulations consist of so-called simple modules which realize the atomic behavior of a model, e.g. a particula...

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... in terms of network size. However, the outcome is similar to ours, with OMNeT++ outperforming ns-2 and SimPy. Regarding SimPy, the authors also note its sluggish performance. Two recent publications =-=[7, 18]-=- analyze the characteristics of JiST/SWANS in contrast to ns-2. Unlike our work, which focuses mainly on the performance of the simulation cores, the authors compare ns-2 and JiST/SWANS in a complex s...

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...fic generators, are publicly available for ns-2. They can be used off-theshelf, thus eliminating the need of implementing them by hand. However, a major shortcoming of ns-2 is its limited scalability =-=[6, 20]-=- in terms of memory usage and simulation run-time. This is especially a problem as new research domains in the field of computer networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), peer-to-peer network...

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...of the executed byte code. Moreover, it has been shown that the slowness of Java is merely a myth, and that recent Java run-time environments can keep up with the execution speed of compiled C++ code =-=[10]-=-. According to the run-time performance of ns-3, the architectural improvements, especially the abolishment of the oTCL/C++ duality, are clearly reflected in our results, as ns-3 is considerably faste...

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... in terms of network size. However, the outcome is similar to ours, with OMNeT++ outperforming ns-2 and SimPy. Regarding SimPy, the authors also note its sluggish performance. Two recent publications =-=[7, 18]-=- analyze the characteristics of JiST/SWANS in contrast to ns-2. Unlike our work, which focuses mainly on the performance of the simulation cores, the authors compare ns-2 and JiST/SWANS in a complex s...

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...imulations in ns-3 can be implemented in pure C++, while parts of the simulation optionally can be realized using Python as well. Moreover, ns-3 integrates architectural concepts and code from GTNetS =-=[17]-=-, a simulator with good scalability characteristics. These design decisions were made at expense of compatibility. In fact, ns-2 models need to be ported to ns-3 in a manual way. Besides performance i...

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...st according to computational demands and worst according to memory consumption. A performance comparison, which in addition to ns-2, also includes earlier versions of SimPy and OMNeT is presented in =-=[2]-=-. The authors only provide results concerning the runtime performance in their paper, and the used simulation is small in terms of network size. However, the outcome is similar to ours, with OMNeT++ o...

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...community. The main contribution of this paper is a performance comparison study incorporating five different open source simulation tools, namely ns2 [13], ns-3 [6], OMNeT++ [19], JiST [3] and SimPy =-=[11]-=-. By implementing the same simulation and equal simulation models from scratch for all of them, we are able to compare the simulator performance itself without any distortions caused by different impl...

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...ge networks, potentially with hundreds of thousands of nodes. In order to face those challenges, a couple of enhancements of ns-2 have been proposed, for instance the incorporation of parallelization =-=[16]-=-. However, ns-2 is currently undergoing a major redesign [6]. One of the main development goals of its successor, ns-3, is the improvement of simulation performance. Besides ns-2, over a dozen network...