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...4 may act as a potential biomarker for predicting the risk of colorectal cancer. Introduction Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide,swith about half a million deaths each year =-=(1)-=-. The incidence of colorectal cancer varies significantly among different geographic regionssand is highest in North America and Oceania (2). However, withschanges in daily habits and recent advances ...

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...nking status, family history of cancer andsclinical characteristic. Haploview 4.2 software was used to calculate the D′ and r2 value for linkage disequilibrium (LD) betweensthe three selected tagSNPs =-=(18)-=-. Expression levels of HOTAIRsin colorectal cancer tissues were analysed using the paired t-test.sStudent’s t-test was performed to detect CCK-8 results betweensdifferent plasmids. The full sequences ...

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...OXC) gene cluster on chromosome 12. Studies have demonstrated that HOTAIR may interactswith the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) (11) as well as theslysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complexes =-=(20)-=-. Taken together,sit can act as a scaffold to assemble PRC2 and LSD1 complexes, andscause epigenetic silencing of various cancer-related genes, particularly the HOXD gene, by coupling histone H3K27 me...

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...fsMutagenesis Advance Access published November 27, 2014sat Pennsylvania State U niversity on M ay 9, 2016 http://m utage.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from transcription in a 40 kb region of HOXD =-=(10,11)-=-. The same function of regulation of polycomb-dependent chromatin modificationsby HOTAIR for cancer cells has been found in colorectal cancer (9). Genetic variants, majorly composed of single nucleoti...

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...erent plasmids. The full sequences of HOTAIR containingsG or C alleles in rs7958904 were used to predict the foldingsstructures of HOTAIR in RNAfold (http://rna.tbi.univie.ac.at/ cgi-bin/RNAfold.cgi) =-=(19)-=-. Putative influences of this variant onssecondary structures of HOTAIR can be found in the result provided by website. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.sAll the statistical analyses ...

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...egulation ofscancer-related genes (6). Among them, some have been identified tosbe related to specific diseases, e.g. lncRNA MALAT1 has been foundsto be a negative predictor of outcome in lung cancer =-=(7)-=- and lncRNAsDD3 has been demonstrated to be a motivator in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer (8). Similar dysregulation of lncRNAs hassalso been observed in colorectal cancer. Kogo et al. (9) repo...

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...ncer (7) and lncRNAsDD3 has been demonstrated to be a motivator in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer (8). Similar dysregulation of lncRNAs hassalso been observed in colorectal cancer. Kogo et al. =-=(9)-=- reported thatslncRNA HOX transcript antisenseRNA (HOTAIR) is upregulated inscolorectal cancer and is associated with poor prognosis of colorectalscancer. In addition, HOTAIR has also been identified ...

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...atically in China.sAccording to statistical data reported by WHO, colorectal cancer hassthe third fastest rising incidence in China, and mortality from colonscancer increased 50% between 1991 to 2010 =-=(3)-=-. Currently, colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and has the fifth highestsmortality in China, causing serious problems for public health. In recent years, a novel kind of non-coding RNA...

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... may promote invasion andsmetastasis of breast cancer cells (11). Subsequently HOTAIR wassfound to participate in a series of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (22), pancreatic cancer =-=(23)-=- and non-small cellslung cancer (24). Emerging evidence has shown that genetic variants in lncRNAssmay modulate individual susceptibility to cancer (14,25). SNPs inslncRNAs exert various effects on th...

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...ic diseases, e.g. lncRNA MALAT1 has been foundsto be a negative predictor of outcome in lung cancer (7) and lncRNAsDD3 has been demonstrated to be a motivator in the carcinogenesis of prostate cancer =-=(8)-=-. Similar dysregulation of lncRNAs hassalso been observed in colorectal cancer. Kogo et al. (9) reported thatslncRNA HOX transcript antisenseRNA (HOTAIR) is upregulated inscolorectal cancer and is ass...

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...200 nucleotides (5). Studies have shown thatslncRNAs may possess various functions in carcinogenesis, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation ofscancer-related genes =-=(6)-=-. Among them, some have been identified tosbe related to specific diseases, e.g. lncRNA MALAT1 has been foundsto be a negative predictor of outcome in lung cancer (7) and lncRNAsDD3 has been demonstra...

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...eristics, we found the decreasedsrisk was more significant in subjects with intermediate tumoursgrade. It is rational that different molecular mechanisms underlyingsdifferent colorectal cancer grades =-=(28)-=- may interfere with the effectssof HOTAIR SNPs and lead to our present result. Moreover, the relatively larger sample size in the group of intermediate grade may alsoslead to the result. The location ...

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...l kind of non-coding RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs), has gained attention for its complex andsextensive regulatory functions (4). LncRNAs are defined as non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides =-=(5)-=-. Studies have shown thatslncRNAs may possess various functions in carcinogenesis, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation ofscancer-related genes (6). Among them, so...

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...ina, causing serious problems for public health. In recent years, a novel kind of non-coding RNA, long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs), has gained attention for its complex andsextensive regulatory functions =-=(4)-=-. LncRNAs are defined as non-coding RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (5). Studies have shown thatslncRNAs may possess various functions in carcinogenesis, including transcriptional, post-transcription...

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...be involved in cancer have been reportedsto be associated with cancer risk, e.g. rs6434568 in the prostate cancer-related PCGEM1 gene (13) and rs7763881 in the hepatocellularscancer-related HULC gene =-=(14)-=-. These results provide evidence for thesimportant role of lncRNA SNPs in carcinogenesis. Based on the role ofsHOTAIR in the molecular mechanism of colorectal cancer, as well assthe influence of genet...

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...ments showed that HOTAIR may promote invasion andsmetastasis of breast cancer cells (11). Subsequently HOTAIR wassfound to participate in a series of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma =-=(22)-=-, pancreatic cancer (23) and non-small cellslung cancer (24). Emerging evidence has shown that genetic variants in lncRNAssmay modulate individual susceptibility to cancer (14,25). SNPs inslncRNAs exe...

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... of breast cancer cells (11). Subsequently HOTAIR wassfound to participate in a series of human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (22), pancreatic cancer (23) and non-small cellslung cancer =-=(24)-=-. Emerging evidence has shown that genetic variants in lncRNAssmay modulate individual susceptibility to cancer (14,25). SNPs inslncRNAs exert various effects on their expressions and functionss(26). ...

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...r (24). Emerging evidence has shown that genetic variants in lncRNAssmay modulate individual susceptibility to cancer (14,25). SNPs inslncRNAs exert various effects on their expressions and functionss=-=(26)-=-. To date, effects of HOTAIR SNPs in human cancer have onlysbeen reported by Zhang et al. (27). Based on the observation thatsHOTAIR was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues,swe spec...

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... scaffold to assemble PRC2 and LSD1 complexes, andscause epigenetic silencing of various cancer-related genes, particularly the HOXD gene, by coupling histone H3K27 methylation andsH3K4 demethylation =-=(10,21)-=-. Drawn by the remarkable effects ofsHOTAIR on epigenetic regulation in genome-wide level, researchersshave focused on the dysregulation of HOTAIR in various types ofscancer. A Japanese study revealed...

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...ncers worldwide,swith about half a million deaths each year (1). The incidence of colorectal cancer varies significantly among different geographic regionssand is highest in North America and Oceania =-=(2)-=-. However, withschanges in daily habits and recent advances in diagnostic techniques,sthe incidence of colorectal cancer has increased dramatically in China.sAccording to statistical data reported by ...

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...antisenseRNA (HOTAIR) is upregulated inscolorectal cancer and is associated with poor prognosis of colorectalscancer. In addition, HOTAIR has also been identified to participatesin some other cancers =-=(10)-=-. HOTAIR is HOX antisense intergenicsRNA, located in the HOXC locus. Given the remarkable dysregulation of HOTAIR in tumours, investigations into its biologicalsfunction have been conducted widely. So...

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...ctional lncRNAs. SNPs in several lncRNAs previously identified to be involved in cancer have been reportedsto be associated with cancer risk, e.g. rs6434568 in the prostate cancer-related PCGEM1 gene =-=(13)-=- and rs7763881 in the hepatocellularscancer-related HULC gene (14). These results provide evidence for thesimportant role of lncRNA SNPs in carcinogenesis. Based on the role ofsHOTAIR in the molecular...

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...usceptibility to cancer (14,25). SNPs inslncRNAs exert various effects on their expressions and functionss(26). To date, effects of HOTAIR SNPs in human cancer have onlysbeen reported by Zhang et al. =-=(27)-=-. Based on the observation thatsHOTAIR was significantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues,swe speculated that genetic variant in HOTAIR may participate inscolorectal cancer by affecting gene e...

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...epatocellular carcinoma (22), pancreatic cancer (23) and non-small cellslung cancer (24). Emerging evidence has shown that genetic variants in lncRNAssmay modulate individual susceptibility to cancer =-=(14,25)-=-. SNPs inslncRNAs exert various effects on their expressions and functionss(26). To date, effects of HOTAIR SNPs in human cancer have onlysbeen reported by Zhang et al. (27). Based on the observation ...

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...mposed of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), have long been confirmed to participate in carcinogenesis. These variants may exert various influences on expression orsfunction of a particular gene =-=(12)-=-. Recently, studies on the effects ofsSNPs are no longer confined to cancer-related protein coding genes,sbut are also extended to functional lncRNAs. SNPs in several lncRNAs previously identified to ...