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...Optiplex 755 computer with a 21-inch monitor. All participants sat approximately 45 cm from the computer display, and all responses weremade using a keyboard. E-Prime® stimulus presentation software (=-=Schneider et al., 2002-=-a,b) was used to present all stimuli and record responses. The computer-based numerical bisection task contained two phases: (1) training phase and (2) testing phase. The arrays of stimuli during the ...

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... simultaneously encode time and numerosity and are capable of distinguishing changes in either property when the other is held constant (Meck and Church, 1983; Brown, 1997; Brannon and Roitman, 2003; =-=Walsh, 2003-=-; Roitman et al., 2007; Lourenco and Longo, 2010). Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in humans provide further evidence for similar representation of numerosity and time. For instance, simil...

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...Optiplex 755 computer with a 21-inch monitor. All participants sat approximately 45 cm from the computer display, and all responses weremade using a keyboard. E-Prime® stimulus presentation software (=-=Schneider et al., 2002-=-a,b) was used to present all stimuli and record responses. The computer-based numerical bisection task contained two phases: (1) training phase and (2) testing phase. The arrays of stimuli during the ...

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...ons of angry compared to neutral stimuli in memory. Furthermore, this effect of emotion on time is not limited to the visual modality but has been investigated in the auditory modality as well (e.g., =-=Angrilli et al., 1997-=-; Noulhiane et al., 2007; Mella et al., 2011). EVIDENCE FOR A COMMON REPRESENTATION OF NUMEROSITY AND TIME According to Weber’s law, discrimination of disparate magnitudes of a continuous property (e....

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... above evidence suggests that a common mechanism may underlie representations of both numerosity and time, other evidence exists which implicates numerosity-specific cognitive mechanisms (e.g., Cohen =-=Kadosh et al., 2008-=-; Dormal et al., 2008, 2012). The current study will help shed light on this debate by probing for convergent or divergent effects of time and number processing in response to a common stimulus proper...

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... Meck, 2005). Conversely, activation found in corticostriatal and corticocerebellar regions may be more heavily implicating in timing-specific processes (Schubotz et al., 2000; Matell and Meck, 2004; =-=Meck et al., 2008-=-). Although the parietal cortex may be the main locus of overlap for processing time and number, neurons that respond to both magnitudes are also found in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (e.g., Nie...

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...ly encode time and numerosity and are capable of distinguishing changes in either property when the other is held constant (Meck and Church, 1983; Brown, 1997; Brannon and Roitman, 2003; Walsh, 2003; =-=Roitman et al., 2007-=-; Lourenco and Longo, 2010). Neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies in humans provide further evidence for similar representation of numerosity and time. For instance, similar parietal activation...

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...lsh, 2009). For example, discriminations of time and numerosity in human and non-human animals conform to Weber’s Law (e.g., Moyer and Landauer, 1967; Dehaene et al., 1998; Brannon and Roitman, 2003; =-=Brannon et al., 2007-=-; Jordan et al., 2008a,b; Jordan and Baker, 2011), indicating that both can be represented internally as continuous scalar properties. Both human and nonhuman animals simultaneously encode time and nu...

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...ffect was the same within each individual face comprising a trial array. Valence and purity of expression for the facial stimulus set used were previously coded using the Facial Affect Coding System (=-=Tracy et al., 2009-=-). So that numerosity did not always co-vary with other quantitative properties (e.g., surface area), three face stimulus sizes were used: small (8 cm × 11 cm), medium (22 cm × 16 cm), and large (44 c...

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...ntity or the large anchor quantity. The test quantity for which participants are equally likely to choose the small or large anchor quantities, the PSE, is calculated (e.g., Droit-Volet et al., 2003; =-=Jordan and Brannon, 2006-=-a,b). In the current experiment, faces with positive, neutral, and negative affect were used as stimuli to enumerate. PSE’s were compared across these different stimuli types to determine whether subj...

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... face (Schiff and Thayer, 1970), results consistently support differing temporal estimations of emotional events compared to neutral events. For example, the duration of emotional events (Meck, 1983; =-=Stetson et al., 2007-=-) and emotional stimuli (Droit-Volet et al., 2004; Gil et al., 2007; Tipples, 2008) are often overestimated when compared to neutral stimuli. Most relevant for the current research are experiments byD...

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...roups reporting PSEs closer to the arithmetic mean (e.g., Droit-Volet et al., 2004; Balci and Gallistel, 2006) and others reporting PSEs closer to the geometric mean (e.g., Wearden and Ferrara, 1996; =-=Wearden et al., 1997-=-; Zélanti and Droit-Volet, 2011), a benchmark of optimal bisection performance remains under investigation. If bisection at the geometric mean were indeed considered accurate responding in accord with...

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...ar to the small anchor quantity or the large anchor quantity. The test quantity for which participants are equally likely to choose the small or large anchor quantities, the PSE, is calculated (e.g., =-=Droit-Volet et al., 2003-=-; Jordan and Brannon, 2006a,b). In the current experiment, faces with positive, neutral, and negative affect were used as stimuli to enumerate. PSE’s were compared across these different stimuli types...

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...e, discriminations of time and numerosity in human and non-human animals conform to Weber’s Law (e.g., Moyer and Landauer, 1967; Dehaene et al., 1998; Brannon and Roitman, 2003; Brannon et al., 2007; =-=Jordan et al., 2008-=-a,b; Jordan and Baker, 2011), indicating that both can be represented internally as continuous scalar properties. Both human and nonhuman animals simultaneously encode time and numerosity and are capa...

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...discrimination of time and numerosity similarly (Meck and Church, 1983). Parallel work in humans shows similar behavioral and neural representation of time and numerosity (e.g., Roitman et al., 2007; =-=Allman et al., 2012-=-). These studies demonstrate that adult humans simultaneously represent time and numerosity and that these properties interact, suggesting a common mental magnitude coding for both. For example, infan...

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... Spelke, 2003). Moreover, changes in numerical magnitude have been shown to influence adult humans’ perception of time (Xuan et al., 2007; Oliveri et al., 2008; Vicario et al., 2008; Lu et al., 2009; =-=Chang et al., 2011-=-; Vicario, 2011). For instance, Chang et al. (2011) demonstrated that task-irrelevant numerical magnitude significantly influenced participants’ temporal reproduction. That is, when asked to provide a...

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...; Buhusi and Meck, 2005). Conversely, activation found in corticostriatal and corticocerebellar regions may be more heavily implicating in timing-specific processes (Schubotz et al., 2000; Matell and =-=Meck, 2004-=-; Meck et al., 2008). Although the parietal cortex may be the main locus of overlap for processing time and number, neurons that respond to both magnitudes are also found in the dorsolateral prefronta...