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... was used as the denominator, wherein the standard deviations of thesexperimental and control groups at pretreatment and the posttreatment S.D. of the control groupsonly were combined (see Cohen's D; =-=Cohen, 1988-=-). Thus, in every case, the computed ESs weresbased on the variance estimates of untreated subjects. For within-subjects group designs,sunweighted ESs were calculated as well. However, in these studie...

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... interrater agreement percentages werescalculated by dividing the total number of congruent observations (CO) by the total number ofsobservations (TO) and multiplied times 100. Second, Cohen's Kappa (=-=Cohen, 1960-=-) wasscalculated for each variable to compensate for the limitations in the first formula. Interratersagreement rates ranged from 88% to 100% with an average agreement of 95.3%. Kappascoefficients ran...

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..., once per day) than most of the TCAs, a number of practitioners have opted to use thesesmedications as a safer alternative to the TCAs for the treatment of child and adolescentsdepressive disorders (=-=Birmaher et al., 1996-=-).sDespite the aforementioned concerns, a number of controlled medication trials for child andsadolescent depression have been conducted. In the only published meta-analytic review located,sHazell, O'...

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...inance of CBT interventions, might favor older subjects with the assumptionsthat they have better developed cognitive skills and derive increased benefits from thescognitively oriented interventions (=-=Weisz et al., 1995-=-). With regard to the modest differentialseffects based on age in pharmacological studies, these findings might be attributable, in part, tosthe predominance of TCA trials and the empirical data that ...

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...kim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990s=-=Mufson & Fairbanks, 1996-=-sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & K...

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... 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990s=-=Gillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995-=-sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher...

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... intervention was completed.s2.2. Design and analysissAn integrative or meta-analytic design was used during the course of this study, whereby thesresults from related treatment studies are compared (=-=Glass, 1977-=-). In the present study, asstandardized mean difference ES was calculated (Smith, Glass, & Miller, 1980). Ascomprehensive coding sheet was developed so that each of the treatment outcome studies wasse...

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...epressant medications are not substantially superiorsto placebo in treating depressed youth. This is in contrast to finding that psychotropicsmedications are efficacious with adult populations (e.g., =-=Elkin, 1994-=-).sHowever, a number of important points must be made about the interpretation of thespharmacological findings. First, as Conners (1992) aptly pointed out, “various methodologicalsproblems limit the c...

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...ars that there are a number ofseffective treatments that should be implemented expeditiously to ease the suffering of asconsiderable number of young people.s5. Literature reviewedsBoulos et al., 1991s=-=Brent et al., 1997-=-sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, &...

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... and conflictedsinterpersonal relationships (Puig-Antich et al., 1985), noteworthy declines in academicsperformance (Fleming, Offord, & Boyle, 1989), and an increased risk for dropping out of schools(=-=Fleming & Offord, 1990-=-). Another reason to be concerned about child and adolescentsdepression is the association between clinical mood disturbances and suicide (Kovacs and Rao).sMoreover, childhood depression is often pers...

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...fering of asconsiderable number of young people.s5. Literature reviewedsBoulos et al., 1991sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980s=-=Clarke et al., 1995-=-sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox,...

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...ence:sa review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and AdolescentsPsychiatry 37, pp. 26–34. Abstract | Full Text via CrossRef | View Record in Scopus | Cited Bysin Scopus (124)=-=Reinecke et al., 1998-=-), and a smaller sample of depression treatments (Weisz etsal., 1995).sIn regard to the pre/post psychosocial studies, the overall mean ES at posttreatment was 1.14,sindicating that the treated subjec...

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...y recruited subjects treated in school-basedssettings) whereas most of the pre/post trials were “effectiveness” studies conducted primarily insnaturalistic clinic settings with referred subjects (see =-=Hoagwood, Hibbs, Brent, & Jensen, 1995-=-,sfor a clarification of the distinction between efficacy and effectiveness research). All of the 14spharmacological studies were controlled trials with children who met diagnostic criteria forsMajor ...

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... Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992s=-=Geller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990-=-sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirsche...

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...ey, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994s=-=Kahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990-=-sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & ...

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...were 12 years of age or younger, six (43%) studies in which the subjects weres13 years of age or older, and one (7%) study in which there were children and adolescentssranging from 7 to 17 years old (=-=Emslie et al., 1997-=-). The average percentage of female subjectssacross all pharmacological studies was approximately 42%. However, none of studies reportedsseparate findings based on sex.sThe types of medications used i...

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... There is also compelling evidence that children and adolescents who suffersfrom depression have a variety of problems in daily living such as unsatisfying and conflictedsinterpersonal relationships (=-=Puig-Antich et al., 1985-=-), noteworthy declines in academicsperformance (Fleming, Offord, & Boyle, 1989), and an increased risk for dropping out of schools(Fleming & Offord, 1990). Another reason to be concerned about child a...

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...e inevitable loss of information that takes place after the outcome data arestransformed multiple times into an ES. Nonetheless, it addresses a criticism (Anderson, 1995) ofsa previous meta-analysis (=-=Hazell et al., 1995-=-) on the efficacy of using antidepressant medicationssin children and adolescents whereby ESs were calculated from only 6 of the 12 studies due to theslimited data contained in the articles. For studi...

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...epression including: diminished self-esteem (Kazdin, 1988), poor physical health (Costello etsal., 1988), family dysfunction (Kashani, Burbach, & Rosenburg, 1988), increased risk forssubstance abuse (=-=Kovacs, Goldston, & Gatsonis, 1993-=-), disrupted parent–child attachments(Kovacs, 1997), and a substantial risk for morbidity and mortality across the lifespan (Flemingsand Harrington). There is also compelling evidence that children an...

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...tion between clinical mood disturbances and suicide (Kovacs and Rao).sMoreover, childhood depression is often persistent and leads to an increased risk of recurrencesduring adolescence and adulthood (=-=Kovacs, Obrosky, Gatsonis, & Richards, 1997-=-). In a numbersof investigations, up to 40% of the children originally identified with depressive symptomssremained symptomatic years later (e.g., DuBois; Fleming; Kovacs; Lewinsohn and Nolen). Inssum...

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...implemented expeditiously to ease the suffering of asconsiderable number of young people.s5. Literature reviewedsBoulos et al., 1991sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992s=-=Butler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980-=-sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillh...

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...1991sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998s=-=Fine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991-=-sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Ke...

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...Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996s=-=Mufson et al., 1994-=-sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis...

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...ark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996s=-=Liddle & Spence, 1990-=-sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, ...

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... Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993s=-=Reed, 1994-=-sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan, & Bickerton, 1996sWagner, Kilcrease-Fleming, Fowler, & Kazelskis, 1993sWeisz, Thurber, Sweeney, Proffit...

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...ham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990s=-=Lewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996-=-sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1...

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...l health (Costello etsal., 1988), family dysfunction (Kashani, Burbach, & Rosenburg, 1988), increased risk forssubstance abuse (Kovacs, Goldston, & Gatsonis, 1993), disrupted parent–child attachments(=-=Kovacs, 1997-=-), and a substantial risk for morbidity and mortality across the lifespan (Flemingsand Harrington). There is also compelling evidence that children and adolescents who suffersfrom depression have a va...

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...n other variables are taken into account (e.g., age).s1.1.2. Pharmacological treatmentsThe prescription of psychotropic medications for children and adolescents has become a widelysaccepted practice (=-=Kaplan, Simms, & Busner, 1994-=-) despite the fact that the Food and DrugsAdministration (FDA) has yet to approve a single psychotropic agent for the specific purpose ofstreating depressed youth up to the age of 17 years old ( Physi...

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...e are a number of negative outcomes associated with child and adolescentsdepression including: diminished self-esteem (Kazdin, 1988), poor physical health (Costello etsal., 1988), family dysfunction (=-=Kashani, Burbach, & Rosenburg, 1988-=-), increased risk forssubstance abuse (Kovacs, Goldston, & Gatsonis, 1993), disrupted parent–child attachments(Kovacs, 1997), and a substantial risk for morbidity and mortality across the lifespan (Fl...

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...able number of young people.s5. Literature reviewedsBoulos et al., 1991sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995s=-=Clarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999-=-sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., ...

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..., Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991s=-=Geller et al., 1992-=-sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark...

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...& Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984s=-=King & Kirschenbaum, 1990-=-sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 199...

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...es. However, it appears that there are a number ofseffective treatments that should be implemented expeditiously to ease the suffering of asconsiderable number of young people.s5. Literature revieweds=-=Boulos et al., 1991-=-sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine...

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... & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994s=-=Hughes et al., 1990-=-sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, ...

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...ivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990s=-=Kramer & Feiguine, 1981-=-sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPres...

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...eley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994s=-=Reivich, 1996-=-sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan, & Bickerton, 1996sWagner, Kilcrease-Fleming, Fowler, & Kazelskis, 1993sWeisz, Thurber, Sweeney, Proffitt, & LeGagnoux...

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..., Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990s=-=Kashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984-=-sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbank...

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...l, ranging from 0.4% to 8.3% (Birmaher; Fleming and Lewinsohn).sFurthermore, there are a number of negative outcomes associated with child and adolescentsdepression including: diminished self-esteem (=-=Kazdin, 1988-=-), poor physical health (Costello etsal., 1988), family dysfunction (Kashani, Burbach, & Rosenburg, 1988), increased risk forssubstance abuse (Kovacs, Goldston, & Gatsonis, 1993), disrupted parent–chi...

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...erence in proportions (percentsimproved) between the experimental and placebo-control group subjects. This procedure (probitstransformation) has been used in a number of meta-analyses (e.g., Clum and =-=Miller, 1977-=-) and issdescribed elsewhere (see Smith et al., 1980).sAlthough this procedure is far from ideal in calculating ESs, it is more effective and accuratesthan simply excluding the study from the analysis...

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...1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982s=-=Preskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987-=-sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan, & Bickerton, 1996sWagner, Kilcrease-Fleming, Fo...

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...derive ESs from 6 of the 12 studies due to limited information contained in the articles. Thus,ssome authors have criticized the conclusions from this meta-analytic review on empiricalsgrounds (e.g., =-=Anderson, 1995-=-). Furthermore, in a review of the drug trials for early-onsetsdepression, Conners (1992, p. 11) cautioned that “various methodological problems limit thesconclusions that can be drawn” regarding the ...

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...Kazdin; Weisz and Weisz). These dataswere also convergent with the findings from more circumscribed meta-analytic reviews thatssupport the efficacy of social skills interventions for depressed youth (=-=Black-Cecchini, 1996-=-),scognitive–behavioral therapy for adolescents (Reinecke, M.A., Ryan, M.A. and DuBois, D.L.,s1998. Cognitive–behavioral therapy of depression and depressive symptoms during adolescence:sa review and ...

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...antial differences in the measurements used, criteria for “improvement,” selectionsprocedures, and sample characteristics in the various studies render comparisons across thesstudies tenuous at best (=-=Conners, 1992-=-).sOverall, it is estimated that there are between 14 and 17 published studies investigating thesefficacy of psychotropic medications (i.e., TCAs and SSRIs) for depressed youth. A more up-todate meta-...

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...ewedsBoulos et al., 1991sBrent et al., 1997sBrown, Welsh, Labbe´, Vitulli, & Kulkarni, 1992sButler, Miezitis, Friedman, & Cole, 1980sClarke et al., 1995sClarke, Rohde, Lewinsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999s=-=Curry & Wells, 1998-=-sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995sHickman, 1994sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich...

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...rd in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (101)Kaslow). Unfortunately, thesnumber of psychosocial treatment studies cited in the above-mentioned reviews were oftenssmall, and noninclusive, ranging from zero (=-=Cytryn & McKnew, 1985-=-) to 14 (Kaslow &sThompson, 1998). In terms of the substantive findings from the earlier reviews, they are oftensunclear and conflicting, and did not consider how outcomes covaried with theoreticallys...

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...fersfrom depression have a variety of problems in daily living such as unsatisfying and conflictedsinterpersonal relationships (Puig-Antich et al., 1985), noteworthy declines in academicsperformance (=-=Fleming, Offord, & Boyle, 1989-=-), and an increased risk for dropping out of schools(Fleming & Offord, 1990). Another reason to be concerned about child and adolescentsdepression is the association between clinical mood disturbances...

Citation Context

...winsohn, Hops, & Seeley, 1999sCurry & Wells, 1998sFine, Forth, Gilbert, & Haley, 1991sGeller et al., 1992sGeller, Cooper, Graham, Marsteller, & Bryant, 1990sGillham, Reivich, Jaycox, & Seligman, 1995s=-=Hickman, 1994-=-sHughes et al., 1990sJaycox, Reivich, Gillham, & Seligman, 1994sKahn, Kehle, Jenson, & Clark, 1990sKashani, Shekim, & Reid, 1984sKing & Kirschenbaum, 1990sKramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994s...

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...ials and the empirical data that indicate that younger children maysnot respond favorably to TCAs since their noradrenergic systems are not fully developed untilslate adolescence and early adulthood (=-=Murrin, Gibbens, & Ferrer, 1985-=-).sPsychosocial interventions for depression were somewhat more efficacious when the averagespercentage of female subjects was 60% or greater. These findings are consistent with the datasfrom other re...

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...ramer & Feiguine, 1981sKutcher et al., 1994sLewinsohnm, Clarke, Hops, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994s=-=Petti & Law, 1982-=-sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan,...

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...ps, & Andrews, 1990sLewinsohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987s=-=Puig-Antich et al., 1987-=-sRawson & Tabb, 1993sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan, & Bickerton, 1996sWagner, Kilcrease-Fleming, Fowler, & Kazelskis, 1993sW...

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...sohn, Clarke, Rohde, Hops, & Seeley, 1996sLiddle & Spence, 1990sMufson & Fairbanks, 1996sMufson et al., 1994sPetti & Law, 1982sPreskorn, Weller, Hughes, Weller, & Bolte, 1987sPuig-Antich et al., 1987s=-=Rawson & Tabb, 1993-=-sReed, 1994sReivich, 1996sReynolds & Coats, 1986sStark, Reynolds, & Kaslow, 1987sVostanis, Feehan, Grattan, & Bickerton, 1996sWagner, Kilcrease-Fleming, Fowler, & Kazelskis, 1993sWeisz, Thurber, Sween...