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...of surface. The ocean model is the MITgcm (Marshall et al. 1997a,b) configured with 4° 4° horizontal resolution, 15 vertical layers, and realistic bathymetry. The Gent and McWilliams mixing scheme (=-=Gent and McWilliams 1990-=-) is implemented to parameterize the effects of mesoscale eddies. Embedded in the ocean model are a thermodynamic sea ice model (Winton 2000; Bitz and Lipscomb 1999) and an explicit carbon cycle model...

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... Dutkiewicz et al. 2005). The atmospheric component is a zonally averaged primitive equation model (Sokolov and Stone 1998) developed from the Goddard Institute for Space Science (GISS) GCM Model II (=-=Hansen et al. 1983-=-). It has 11 vertical levels and 4° latitudinal resolution. Each 15 JUNE 2008 P L A T T N E R E T A L . 2745 zonal band can consist of land, land ice, ocean, and sea ice. Surface temperature, turbulen...

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...l EMICs are still very heterogeneous, ranging from zonally averaged ocean models coupled to energy balance models (Stocker et al. 1992), or coupled to statistical– dynamical models of the atmosphere (=-=Petoukhov et al. 2000-=-), to low-resolution three-dimensional ocean models, coupled to energy balance or simple dynamical models of the atmosphere (Opsteegh et al. 1998; Edwards and Marsh 2005). Some EMICs include a radiati...

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...th a parameterization of the biological export production limited by the availability of light and nutrients (Dutkiewicz et al. 2005). The terrestrial model is composes the Community Land Model (CLM; =-=Bonan et al. 2002-=-) for surface heat fluxes and hydrological processes, the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model (TEM; Melillo et al. 1993); Felzer et al. 2004) for the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, and the Natura...

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...O. Here, the ocean biology model was not used. Finally, AGISM is composed of a three-dimensional thermomechanical model of the ice sheet flow, a visco– elastic bedrock model and a mass balance model (=-=Huybrechts 2002-=-). The Antarctic ice sheet module also contains a model of the ice shelf dynamics. For both ice sheets, calculations are made on a 10 km 10 km grid with 31 sigma levels. 6) MIT-IGSM2.3 The MIT-IGSM2...

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...d to statistical– dynamical models of the atmosphere (Petoukhov et al. 2000), to low-resolution three-dimensional ocean models, coupled to energy balance or simple dynamical models of the atmosphere (=-=Opsteegh et al. 1998-=-; Edwards and Marsh 2005). Some EMICs include a radiation code and prescribe greenhouse gases, while others use simplified equations to project radiative forcing from projected concentrations and abun...

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...ent and McWilliams mixing scheme (Gent and McWilliams 1990) is implemented to parameterize the effects of mesoscale eddies. Embedded in the ocean model are a thermodynamic sea ice model (Winton 2000; =-=Bitz and Lipscomb 1999-=-) and an explicit carbon cycle model with a parameterization of the biological export production limited by the availability of light and nutrients (Dutkiewicz et al. 2005). The terrestrial model is c...

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...rial biosphere under global warming. The latter occurs because the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by plants in the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model (TEM) is assumed to be constrained by nitrogen availability (=-=McGuire et al. 1992-=-; Melillo et al. 1993). If global warming is accounted for, then the enhanced nitrogen mineralization will alleviate the nitrogen constraint and allow all ecosystems, including boreal and temperate fo...

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...th climate sensitivities 3.0 (standard), 1.5, and 4.5 K (in parenthesis) are given. Results from the Hadley-SCM are included in the EMIC mean and range. ECS, TCR, and ocean heat uptake efficiency (; =-=Gregory and Mitchell 1997-=-; Raper et al. 2002) are defined as in Meehl et al. (2007). EMIC results are derived from an idealized 2 CO2 profile with prescribed atmospheric CO2. ECS is calculated as the change in global mean s...

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...the explicit interaction between terrestrial carbon and nitrogen cycle. 7) MOBIDIC MoBidiC links a zonally averaged atmosphere to a sectorial representation of the surface. The atmospheric component (=-=Gallee et al. 1992-=-; Crucifix et al. 2001) is based on a zonally averaged quasigeostrophic formalism with two layers in the vertical and 5° resolution in latitude. The radiative transfer is computed by dividing the atmo...

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...ological cycle (Schmittner and Stocker 1999). The ocean biogeochemical component includes a simple prognostic description of the cycles of carbon, carbon isotopes, oxygen, and carbon-related tracers (=-=Marchal et al. 1998-=-; Plattner et al. 2001). The terrestrial biosphere component is the Lund–Potsdam– Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model at 3.75° 2.5° resolution as used by Joos et al. (2001), Gerber et al. (20...

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...s and hydrological processes, the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model (TEM; Melillo et al. 1993); Felzer et al. 2004) for the carbon dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems, and the Natural Emissions Model (NEM; =-=Liu 1996-=-) for the methane and nitrogen exchange. The coupled CLM– TEM–NEM model system represents the geographical distribution of land cover and plant diversity through a mosaic approach, in which all major ...

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...hat of ECBilt. A potential fertilization of NPP by elevated atmospheric CO2 is taken into account by a logarithmic dependence of NPP on CO2. LOCH is a comprehensive model of the oceanic carbon cycle (=-=Mouchet and François 1996-=-). It takes into account both the solubility and biological pumps, and runs on the same grid as that of CLIO. Here, the ocean biology model was not used. Finally, AGISM is composed of a three-dimensio...

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...global warming. The latter occurs because the uptake of atmospheric CO2 by plants in the Terrestrial Ecosystems Model (TEM) is assumed to be constrained by nitrogen availability (McGuire et al. 1992; =-=Melillo et al. 1993-=-). If global warming is accounted for, then the enhanced nitrogen mineralization will alleviate the nitrogen constraint and allow all ecosystems, including boreal and temperate forests, to benefit mor...

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...s A1T run (Joos et al. 2001) was prescribed until the start of the stabilization profile at time t0 (Table B1). The compiled record was subsequently filtered by the application of a smoothing spline (=-=Enting 1987-=-) with a cutoff period of 200 yr prior to 1850 A.D. and 30 yr thereafter. Following Enting et al. (1994), the analytic expression used to interpolate between the A1T scenario and the beginning of the ...

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...components representing the atmosphere (ECBilt), the ocean and sea ice (CLIO), the terrestrial biosphere (VECODE), the oceanic carbon cycle (LOCH), and the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets (AGISM) (=-=Driesschaert 2005-=-). ECBilt is a quasigeostrophic atmospheric model with three levels and T21 horizontal resolution (Opsteegh et al. 1998). CLIO is a primitive equation, free-surface ocean general circulation model cou...

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...n model parameter combinations (Knutti et al. 2005). The TCR and equilibrium climate sensitivity in EMICs and AOGCMs are clearly linked and the relationship is nonlinear (Wigley and Schlesinger 1985; =-=Harvey 1986-=-; Knutti et al. 2005). In general, TCR is higher at higher climate sensitivity for both EMICs and AOGCMs, but the relationship 2726 J O U R N A L O F C L I M A T E VOLUME 21 becomes weaker at higher v...

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...he wide band formulation of the radiation equation by Morcrette (1984). The ocean component is based on the sectorially averaged form of the multilevel, primitive equation ocean model of Bryan (1969; =-=Hovine and Fichefet 1994-=-; Crucifix et al. 2001). The thermodynamic–dynamic sea ice component is based on the 0-layer thermodynamic model of Semtner (1976), modified by Harvey (1988, 1992), including a onedimensional meridion...

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...gstein et al. 2006; Greenblatt and Sarmiento 2004), very likely reducing the carbon uptake by ocean and land under warming relative to a steady climate (Sarmiento and Le Quéré 1996; Joos et al. 1999; =-=Meyer et al. 1999-=-; Cox et al. 2000; Friedlingstein et al. 2001; Joos et al. 2001; Prentice et al. 2001; Plattner et al. 2001; Matthews 2005; Jones et al. 2006b; Friedlingstein et al. 2006). The ensemble of models used...

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... Greenblatt and Sarmiento 2004), very likely reducing the carbon uptake by ocean and land under warming relative to a steady climate (Sarmiento and Le Quéré 1996; Joos et al. 1999; Meyer et al. 1999; =-=Cox et al. 2000-=-; Friedlingstein et al. 2001; Joos et al. 2001; Prentice et al. 2001; Plattner et al. 2001; Matthews 2005; Jones et al. 2006b; Friedlingstein et al. 2006). The ensemble of models used in this study co...

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...ortantly, the ocean. The new equilibrium is not yet reached by the year 3000 in any of the models for any of the pathways applied due to the long time scale of fossil CO2 removal from the atmosphere (=-=Kasting and Schultz 1996-=-; Archer et al. 1997; Archer 2005). The year-3000 CO2 concentration is still substantially higher than the present concentration (370 ppm), despite the drastic (and probably unrealistic) reduction in ...