Citation Context

... the currentssmell’;s3. a color association: a choice from black, white, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, purple,spink, orange, gray colors provided on the screen (based on the eleven basic colors ins=-=[16]-=-.s4. a visual mental image the odor evoked: ‘Describe a visual image that comes to mindswhen you smell the odor.’.sFor each association method, we measured how confident participants’ felt that their ...

Citation Context

....sFun: It was not fun to choose an odor with this method.sReference: DIADEM-D3.3-IIIsVersion: Issue 1.2.0sDate: 2-Sept-2011sPart of Deliverable D3.3-IIIsPage 15 of 36sEase-of-use (based on Venkatesh, =-=[52]-=-): 3 items, 7-point Likert-type scale, α=.72,sM=4.1, SD=.37sEase: It was easy to identify the odor with this method.sProblematic: It was problematic to identify the odor with this method.sDifficult: T...

Citation Context

...hed the odor they perceiveds(M=3.5, SD=1.6).sSatisfaction with choice: Participants rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale how satisfiedsthey were with their choice (M=2.9, SD=1.4).sEnjoyment (based on =-=[22]-=-): 3 items, 7 point Likert-type scale, α=.73, M=3.5, SD=.43sEnjoy: Did you find it enjoyable to pick the odor with this method?sPleasant: Selecting an odor with this method was pleasant.sFun: It was n...

Citation Context

...ions.sPrevious research has shown that the identification of odors (i.e. free recall of the name of ansodor) without the presence of other relevant semantic information is a difficult task for humanss=-=[19, 41]-=-. Other studies have revealed that the odor identification process works considerablysbetter when participants can choose between possible labels, rather than free recall (e.g., DesWijk and Cain [23])...

Citation Context

...ms. When compared to intensitysestimation, qualitative description of an odorant is a very difficult task. It is estimated that humansshave the ability to discriminate up to 10,000 different odorants =-=[43]-=-, though most of us consciouslysperceive only a fraction of these in our lifetime. Various schemes, such as Henning’s odor prisms(flowery, putrid, fruity, spicy, burned and resinous), have been propos...

Citation Context

...on, [47]). When using large numbers of verbal descriptorssto describe odorants, pleasantness repeatedly emerged as the primary dimension insmultidimensional analyses of the resultant descriptor space =-=[37]-=-. Yeshurun and Sobel concludesthat findings indicate that humans are good at detecting and discriminating odorants but bad atsnaming odorants, and the one label they readily apply to an odor is its pl...

Citation Context

... monitoringsOne of the main difficulties that human olfaction research faces is that although humans cansdetect and discriminate countless odorants, they can identify few by name (Yeshurun and Sobel,s=-=[56]-=-). For a public environmental monitoring system based on human/social sensing this issproblematic because the system is crucially dependent on accurate smell descriptions fromshumans. Therefore, we ar...

Citation Context

...,sin support of the hypothesis that additional sensory modalities would in fact result in a moresimmersive experience.sOne of the main obstacles in research on olfactory interfaces (discussed in Kaye =-=[34,35]-=-)sconcerns the lack of proper classification or description schemes for smells (other than thosesrelated to wine and perfume). The lack of a common smell ‘vocabulary’ makes communicatingsabout smells ...

Citation Context

...at findings indicate that humans are good at detecting and discriminating odorants but bad atsnaming odorants, and the one label they readily apply to an odor is its pleasantness.sGottfried and Dolan =-=[29]-=- demonstrate that although human olfaction is unreliable, it benefitsssubstantially from visual cues. Participants were faster and more accurate at recognizing odorsswhen these odors appeared in the c...

Citation Context

...ation,ssuch as images, but also colors. Similarly, according to a study by Demattè et al. [24], humanssoften agree on the same color label when asked to associate an odor with a color. Gilbert et al.s=-=[27]-=- also found strong associations between certain odors and colors and that such color-smellsassociations are most likely acquired and may be subject to variation between cultures. Othersresearch, partl...

Citation Context

...I researchsPrevious HCI research has explored the olfaction modality as a potential alternative to visual andsauditory modalities for providing messaging notifications. Bodnar, Corbett, & Nekrasovski =-=[17]-=-scarried out an experiment comparing these modalities as secondary display mechanisms used tosdeliver notifications to users working on a cognitively engaging primary task. The olfactorysmodality was ...

Citation Context

...er modalities, butsproduced a less disruptive effect on user engagement in the primary task. Other research hassused olfactory perception to assist information retrieval. Brewster, McGookin, & Miller =-=[18]-=- createdsan olfactory interface for photo searching by allowing users to tag photos with particular smellssand then use those smells to help recall the photos later. They identified some potential for...

Citation Context

...h stimulus and multiple retrieval paths for olfactorysinformation are formed.sReference: DIADEM-D3.3-IIIsVersion: Issue 1.2.0sDate: 2-Sept-2011sPart of Deliverable D3.3-IIIsPage 7 of 36sMorrot et al. =-=[40]-=- found strong connections between olfactory perception and visual information,ssuch as images, but also colors. Similarly, according to a study by Demattè et al. [24], humanssoften agree on the same c...

Citation Context

...ally from visual cues. Participants were faster and more accurate at recognizing odorsswhen these odors appeared in the context of semantically congruent visual cues. In a study bysLyman and McDaniel =-=[39]-=-, both odor recognition and recall of odor names were tested. Thesresults show that subjects exposed to an odor, with no additional stimuli (free recall), achievedsthe lowest scores in correctly ident...

Citation Context

...r environmental monitoring, we are developing a system thatscollects location-based smell descriptions from human users to detect environmental pollution insthe air (Winterboer, Cramer, Groen, et al. =-=[54]-=-). In urban-industrial areas, where people live andswork near chemical factories or harbors, pollution complaints are a common occurrence (e.g.,sthere were around 4.600 stench-related complaints in th...

Citation Context

...ions.sPrevious research has shown that the identification of odors (i.e. free recall of the name of ansodor) without the presence of other relevant semantic information is a difficult task for humanss=-=[19, 41]-=-. Other studies have revealed that the odor identification process works considerablysbetter when participants can choose between possible labels, rather than free recall (e.g., DesWijk and Cain [23])...

Citation Context

...e is a qualitative property related to the pleasantness of an odorant. The hedonicsquality is highly subjective, and is influenced by cultural factors and emotional associationss(Wilson and Stevenson =-=[53]-=-). The hedonic tone of an odor is not hardwired in the brain, butsshaped through experience; whether a subject likes or dislikes an odor depends largely on thesassociations made throughout life. Thus,...

Citation Context

...subjects in olfactory discrimination tasks andswas found both the most salient psychological dimension in the perception of odors and thesprimary perceptual aspect humans use to discriminate odorants =-=[28, 46]-=-, or combine them intosgroups (Schiffman, Robinson, & Erickson, [47]). When using large numbers of verbal descriptorssto describe odorants, pleasantness repeatedly emerged as the primary dimension ins...

Citation Context

...y acquired and may be subject to variation between cultures. Othersresearch, partly summarized in Köster [38], found strong links between (either positive orsnegative) emotions with an odor (see also =-=[30, 33]-=-).s1.3 HypothesessIn the section above, different types of stimuli have been shown to assist odor recognition. Thesliterature suggests that odors are subjectively associated with images, words, colors...

Citation Context

...ciations between certain odors and colors and that such color-smellsassociations are most likely acquired and may be subject to variation between cultures. Othersresearch, partly summarized in Köster =-=[38]-=-, found strong links between (either positive orsnegative) emotions with an odor (see also [30, 33]).s1.3 HypothesessIn the section above, different types of stimuli have been shown to assist odor rec...

Citation Context

....3-IIIsPage 7 of 36sMorrot et al. [40] found strong connections between olfactory perception and visual information,ssuch as images, but also colors. Similarly, according to a study by Demattè et al. =-=[24]-=-, humanssoften agree on the same color label when asked to associate an odor with a color. Gilbert et al.s[27] also found strong associations between certain odors and colors and that such color-smell...

Citation Context

..., has a habit of changing,sas well as being greatly influenced by age, sex, pregnancy, social and cultural factors, in additionsto emotions, memory, experience and input from other sensory modalities =-=[15, 20, 36, 45]-=-. Theshedonic tone is a qualitative property related to the pleasantness of an odorant. The hedonicsquality is highly subjective, and is influenced by cultural factors and emotional associationss(Wils...

Citation Context

...y image isscreated and, (3) olfactory cortex, where odor associations are stored [47]. Olfactory perceptionsinvolves three basic tasks: intensity estimation, qualitative description, and hedonic tone =-=[32]-=-. Thesrelationship between odorant concentration and perceived intensity is well understood, andsfollows a logarithmic law common to other sensory systems. When compared to intensitysestimation, quali...

Citation Context

...he pollution.sOlfactory perception is an interesting, yet underrepresented research area in human-computersinteraction (HCI). Although humans are very good at odor detection (Yeshurun and Sobel, 2010s=-=[36]-=-), there has to date been little research on how to create interfaces making use of orssupporting the human sense of smell. The research on using smell as output in human computersinteraction is hinde...

Citation Context

..., has a habit of changing,sas well as being greatly influenced by age, sex, pregnancy, social and cultural factors, in additionsto emotions, memory, experience and input from other sensory modalities =-=[15, 20, 36, 45]-=-. Theshedonic tone is a qualitative property related to the pleasantness of an odorant. The hedonicsquality is highly subjective, and is influenced by cultural factors and emotional associationss(Wils...

Citation Context

..., has a habit of changing,sas well as being greatly influenced by age, sex, pregnancy, social and cultural factors, in additionsto emotions, memory, experience and input from other sensory modalities =-=[15, 20, 36, 45]-=-. Theshedonic tone is a qualitative property related to the pleasantness of an odorant. The hedonicsquality is highly subjective, and is influenced by cultural factors and emotional associationss(Wils...

Citation Context

...rceptions and other stimuli. Forsexample, some studies found that olfactory perception is heavily dependent on learning, andsespecially personal memories (e.g., [53, 54]). According to Chu and Downes =-=[21]-=-, for instance,sthere is at least preliminary evidence that olfactory stimuli can cue autobiographical memoriessmore effectively than cues from other sensory modalities.sYeshurun and Sobel [56] argue ...

Citation Context

...call the photos later. They identified some potential for smellbased tagging but also found lower performance than text tagging and challenges in the use ofssmell delivery devices. Ghinea and Ademoye =-=[26]-=- looked at the impact of enhancing multimediasapplications with olfaction for information recall. They presented videos with and without matchingsscent stimuli and compared recall performance. They fo...

Citation Context

...,sin support of the hypothesis that additional sensory modalities would in fact result in a moresimmersive experience.sOne of the main obstacles in research on olfactory interfaces (discussed in Kaye =-=[34,35]-=-)sconcerns the lack of proper classification or description schemes for smells (other than thosesrelated to wine and perfume). The lack of a common smell ‘vocabulary’ makes communicatingsabout smells ...

Citation Context

...l environmental monitoring agency where they file a complaint.sReference: DIADEM-D3.3-IIIsVersion: Issue 1.2.0sDate: 2-Sept-2011sPart of Deliverable D3.3-IIIsPage 4 of 36sIn the EU FP7 project DIADEM =-=[42]-=- we are developing a distributed chemical detection networksthat will detect anomalies regarding air quality in a specific area. Whereas currently availableschemical sensors (“e-noses”) only detect ce...

Citation Context

...olfactory perception system of humans is both fascinating and impressive. Odorants aresvolatile compounds with low molecular weight, typically organic, hydrophobic and polar (seesSchiffman and Pearce =-=[47]-=-). When odorant molecules reach the olfactory epithelium, a smallspatch of tissue located at the roof of each nasal cavity, they stimulate a large population (100M)sof olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs...

Citation Context

..., 41]. Other studies have revealed that the odor identification process works considerablysbetter when participants can choose between possible labels, rather than free recall (e.g., DesWijk and Cain =-=[23]-=-).sThe literature also reports strong ties between olfactory perceptions and other stimuli. Forsexample, some studies found that olfactory perception is heavily dependent on learning, andsespecially p...

Citation Context

...subjects in olfactory discrimination tasks andswas found both the most salient psychological dimension in the perception of odors and thesprimary perceptual aspect humans use to discriminate odorants =-=[28, 46]-=-, or combine them intosgroups (Schiffman, Robinson, & Erickson, [47]). When using large numbers of verbal descriptorssto describe odorants, pleasantness repeatedly emerged as the primary dimension ins...

Citation Context

...y acquired and may be subject to variation between cultures. Othersresearch, partly summarized in Köster [38], found strong links between (either positive orsnegative) emotions with an odor (see also =-=[30, 33]-=-).s1.3 HypothesessIn the section above, different types of stimuli have been shown to assist odor recognition. Thesliterature suggests that odors are subjectively associated with images, words, colors...

Citation Context

...vity, they stimulate a large population (100M)sof olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). This initiates a chain of biochemical and electrical signalssthat results in the sensation that we know as an odor =-=[31]-=-.sThe olfactory pathway can be divided into three general subsystems: (1) olfactory epithelium,swhere primary reception takes place, (2) olfactory bulb, where an organized olfactory image isscreated a...

Citation Context

...In another line of research, environmentally appropriate scents were presented as an additionalssensory modality consistent with other aspects of a virtual environment (Tortell, Luigi, Dozois, etsal. =-=[50]-=-). Subjects were randomly assigned to receive scent during the virtual environment, and/orsafterward during a task of recall of the environment. It was hypothesized that scent presentationsduring the ...