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...ntrations and turbidityof CDOM is also relevant to aquatic ecological that it is a significant factor in overall light pe ical factor of chlorophyll photosynthesis carri and other aquatic vegetation (=-=Kirk, 1994-=-). ⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +11 8579987898. E-mail address: yong.tian@cmich.edu (Y.Q. Tian). 0034-4257/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.009is ...

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... border, the Neponset River and Boston Harbor in Massachusetts, the Saginaw River and Kawkawlin River in Michigan, and the Brisbane/Logan/Pine/Caboulture Rivers flowing into Moreton Bay in Australia (=-=Brando & Dekker, 2003-=-). As outlined in Table 2, the Amazon River and Moreton Bay validation data were extracted from previous studies (Brando & Dekker, 2003; Zhu & Yu, 2013), while data collected in the United States were...

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...rrently, the accuracy of relative CDOM level estimations via remote sensing based algorithms utilizing CDOM absorption coefficients in open-sea water displays an overall RMSE range of = 0.2– 0.3 m−1 (=-=IOCCG, 2006-=-). As Table 2 illustrates, our validation results of the QAA-CDOM algorithm for complex estuarine and coastal waters displayed RMSE values similar to those generated from open-sea environments. Our RM...

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...easonal effects. The DOM) Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (2013) 342–354 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Remote Sensing o .ephotoactive portion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (=-=Ferrari et al., 1996-=-; Mannino et al., 2008; Vodacek et al., 1997). CDOM ag(440), (absorption coefficient at 440 nm) is detectable from above the water surface remotely (i.e. in-situ, airborne or space-borne), since its c...

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...d (b) Irrawaddy River, collected on 08/16/2003 and 02/11/2004, 350 W. Zhu et al. / Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (2013) 342–354leachates transferred into rivers by surface or ground water runoff (=-=Gardner et al., 2005-=-). Thus, land-cover/bio-geophysical variables, such as gross biomass, vegetation density, soil type, and land-cover, play a documented and important role in determining CDOM Fig. 6. CDOM level profile...

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...higher than CDOM in off-shore and open-sea waters (typically b 1 m−1). Many previous in-situ measurements have confirmed that riverine and inland-water CDOM concentrations can be as high as 19.4 m−1 (=-=Brezonik et al., 2005-=-; Kowalczuk et al., 2003). Our CDOM field measurements from related investigations of several U.S. rivers (Mississippi, Table 3 CDOM concentrations derived from Hyperion images of the ten rivers (corr...

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...OM) Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (2013) 342–354 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Remote Sensing o .ephotoactive portion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (Ferrari et al., 1996; =-=Mannino et al., 2008-=-; Vodacek et al., 1997). CDOM ag(440), (absorption coefficient at 440 nm) is detectable from above the water surface remotely (i.e. in-situ, airborne or space-borne), since its chromophore property di...

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....e. in-situ, airborne or space-borne), since its chromophore property displays absorbance of light decreasing quasi-exponentially with increasing wavelength across the entire UV and visible spectrum (=-=Kutser et al., 2005-=-). Therefore, the quantification of relative CDOM levels via remote sensing technologies could be a valuable tool for studying ecological/environmental changes as well as carbon cycling at global scal...

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...ton/algal blooms. The ability of remote sensing based algorithms to detect off-shore/mid-channel CDOM plumes generated from non-terrestrial sources was also observed in studies of the Gulf of Mexico (=-=Tomlinson et al., 2004-=-; Wynne et al., 2005). The mapped CDOM consistently displays an inverse relationship along the salinity gradient from inland freshwater to saline ocean waters. An example that best illustrates this in...

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...roductive winter months, to be significantly lower. However, it is also possible that the maximum CDOM concentration could occur during early summer/late spring. Some previous research (Kutser, 2012; =-=Retamal et al., 2007-=-) explained that the high CDOM concentrations in rivers and lakes in the frigid climate might be attributable to a prolonged period of Fig. 5. Spatial distributions of CDOM levels (ag(440), m−1) in es...

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...igh biochemical load (e.g. CDOM), especially during the compressed summer season (a year in Frigid Zone can be divided into two seasons: long winter and a short and active summer) at these latitudes (=-=Retamal et al., 2008-=-). The CDOM levels calculated by the QAA-CDOM algorithm for the Mackenzie River were extracted from a summer image, and one would expect the annual mean CDOM concentration, that would include the less...

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...-shore and open-sea waters (typically b 1 m−1). Many previous in-situ measurements have confirmed that riverine and inland-water CDOM concentrations can be as high as 19.4 m−1 (Brezonik et al., 2005; =-=Kowalczuk et al., 2003-=-). Our CDOM field measurements from related investigations of several U.S. rivers (Mississippi, Table 3 CDOM concentrations derived from Hyperion images of the ten rivers (corresponding images are sho...

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... see front matter © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.009is often used as an effeche spatial distribution of vironments. CDOM is the centration and spatially homogeneous (=-=Yu et al., 2010-=-). CDOM in these waters is mainly autochthonous, formed from exudates and partial decomposition products of phytoplankton (Nelson & Siegel,tive tracer for evaluating relative levels and t dissolved or...

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...tation are highly correlated to both riverine DOC and relative CDOM levels due to the influence of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) and metabolic processes within the surrounding watershed (=-=Huang & Chen, 2009-=-; Raymond River and Plata River (Rio de la Plata) in South America, Yangtze River (Changjiang) and Irrawaddy River in Asia, Nile River and Congo River in Africa, and Rhine River and Volga River in Eur...

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...worldwide, it has only been validated across 12 riverine, estuarine, and coastal sites that exhibit a limited range of climatic and geographic variation (Zhu, 2011; Yu et al., 2010; Zhu and Yu, 2013; =-=Zhu et al., 2011-=-). The relatively limited geographic and climatic areas to which the algorithm was applied may indeed limit its reliability across global scales that typically exhibit a much wider range of CDOM level...

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...hm was based on both field and synthetic data worldwide, it has only been validated across 12 riverine, estuarine, and coastal sites that exhibit a limited range of climatic and geographic variation (=-=Zhu, 2011-=-; Yu et al., 2010; Zhu and Yu, 2013; Zhu et al., 2011). The relatively limited geographic and climatic areas to which the algorithm was applied may indeed limit its reliability across global scales th...

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...nd synthetic data worldwide, it has only been validated across 12 riverine, estuarine, and coastal sites that exhibit a limited range of climatic and geographic variation (Zhu, 2011; Yu et al., 2010; =-=Zhu and Yu, 2013-=-; Zhu et al., 2011). The relatively limited geographic and climatic areas to which the algorithm was applied may indeed limit its reliability across global scales that typically exhibit a much wider r...

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...d from1.6 m−1 (R8) to 2.73 m−1(R9). This scenario indicates that ice/snowmelt does indeed tend to affect ambient CDOM, which is also consistent with previous reports in the arctic and boreal regions (=-=Dyson et al., 2011-=-). 3.5. Influence of biogeography on CDOM variations at a global scale Many studies have outlined that the most significant source of riverine CDOM comes from surrounding terrestrial sources, largely ...

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...ude the less productive winter months, to be significantly lower. However, it is also possible that the maximum CDOM concentration could occur during early summer/late spring. Some previous research (=-=Kutser, 2012-=-; Retamal et al., 2007) explained that the high CDOM concentrations in rivers and lakes in the frigid climate might be attributable to a prolonged period of Fig. 5. Spatial distributions of CDOM level...

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...hore environments (Coble, 1996; De Souza Sierra et al., 1994). Geochemical source means the amount of DOC in deep soils deposited thousands years ago and moved to rivers through weathering processes (=-=Petsch et al., 2003-=-). In addition, both chlorophyll concentrations and turbidityof CDOM is also relevant to aquatic ecological that it is a significant factor in overall light pe ical factor of chlorophyll photosynthesi...

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...s of peat and other organic material in permafrost and water from precipitation and snow melt washes the carbon into rivers, thaw ponds and lakes during the warm period. Preliminary results reported (=-=Tian et al., 2012-=-) that overall climate zone and linked precipitation amounts (rain, snow, ice melting, and glacial runoff) do indeed affect riverine CDOM. A large number of ice/snow areas (white regions) are visible ...

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...ge alluvial fans (i.e. deltas) where they flow into their estuarine and coastal regions. Often, as in the case of the 343W. Zhu et al. / Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (2013) 342–354& Bauer, 2001; =-=Tian et al., 2013-=-). Land surface characteristics, such as vegetation types, soil carbon sinks, and hydrologic characteristics (e.g. surface runoff rates, groundwater discharge) determine CDOM sources and transport pro...

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...when applied to complex estuarine and coastalwaters. For example, theQAA-CDOMalgorithm performed exceedinglywell in complex freshwater environments like the Saginaw and Kawkawlin River plume regions (=-=Zhu et al., 2012-=-). CDOM levels estimated from in situ measurements ranged from 0.11 to 8.46 m−1, while QAA-CDOM's estimation of relative CDOM levels in 347W. Zhu et al. / Remote Sensing of Environment 134 (2013) 342–...