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...less Bunun and are ‘becoming Qalavang’. Given the conflicts, division and disintegration in these villages that the people of Ququaz have witnessed, resistance, far from being the weapon of the weak (=-=Scott, 1985-=-, 1990), is seen as a weapon that can work against the weak. Compliance with a ‘personalized’ state In this article, the state is not treated as a fixed object or a coherent and unified entity, but as...

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...te should not be treated as a natural entity, system or apparatus, but as a historical and contingent constitution (Comaroff, 1998; Coronil, 1997; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001a; =-=Scott, 1998-=-; Steinmetz, 1999). Under the influences of Gramsci (1971) and Foucault (1977, 1980, 1982, 1991), the entangled relationship between hegemony and resistance, questions of how the state rules, what kin...

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... the state. This seems to support Mbembe’s argument that the postcolonial relationship is not primarily a relationship of resistance, but rather can best be characterized as a convivial relationship (=-=Mbembe, 2001-=-). However, Mbembe regards the production of conviviality and intimacy as an indication that state power has created, through administrative and bureaucratic practices, its own world of meanings which...

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...and vagueness in the over-expansion of what constitutes resistance and, as well, have overlooked the phenomena of public participation in reproducing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (=-=Abu-Lughod, 1990-=-; Brown, 1996; Cooper, 1994; Das and Poole, 2004b; Kaplan and Kelly, 1994; Mitchell, 1990; Navaro-Yashin, 2002; O’Hanlon, 1988; Ortner, 1995), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within curr...

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...Corrigan and Sayer, 1985: 7–8; emphasis in original). This ‘ideological’ connotation of the state has been a major reason why it has long been rejected by social scientists (Fuller and Harriss, 2000; =-=Mitchell, 1991-=-a, 1999).1 Lately the state has emerged once again as a central concern in the social sciences. In an influential essay which helped to bring about this new interest, Abrams (1988) declares, in the sp...

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...art, an ideological construct and a means of domination. For Weber, too, it ‘is a claim to legitimacy, a means by which politically organized subjection is simultaneously accomplished and concealed’ (=-=Corrigan and Sayer, 1985-=-: 7–8; emphasis in original). This ‘ideological’ connotation of the state has been a major reason why it has long been rejected by social scientists (Fuller and Harriss, 2000; Mitchell, 1991a, 1999).1...

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... over (or being taken over by) a thought of the state, that is, of applying to the state categories of thought produced and guaranteed by the state and hence to misrecognize its most profound truth. (=-=Bourdieu, 1999-=-: 53) However, he thinks we should not be deterred by, but rather armed with, the knowledge that one of the state’s major powers is to produce and impose categories of thought that we take for granted...

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...ucing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (Abu-Lughod, 1990; Brown, 1996; Cooper, 1994; Das and Poole, 2004b; Kaplan and Kelly, 1994; Mitchell, 1990; Navaro-Yashin, 2002; O’Hanlon, 1988; =-=Ortner, 1995-=-), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within current anthropological discourse. This preoccupation with resistance has prevented anthropologists from a more nuanced analysis, as it is impli...

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...43 pmsPage 487sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 9, 2016eth.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsThe position that the state creates mystification has been a common one since Marx (Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; =-=Coronil, 1997-=-; Taussig, 1992, 1997). Marx (1967) took the state to be, for the most part, an ideological construct and a means of domination. For Weber, too, it ‘is a claim to legitimacy, a means by which politica...

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...sion of what constitutes resistance and, as well, have overlooked the phenomena of public participation in reproducing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (Abu-Lughod, 1990; Brown, 1996; =-=Cooper, 1994-=-; Das and Poole, 2004b; Kaplan and Kelly, 1994; Mitchell, 1990; Navaro-Yashin, 2002; O’Hanlon, 1988; Ortner, 1995), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within current anthropological discour...

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...s and demonstrate an agency. This also reflects a strong tendency in anthropology to highlight aspects of resistance where the relationship between the people studied and the state is concerned (e.g. =-=Hale, 1994-=-; Kapferer, 1995). However, when the Bunun use their idioms of kinship and political leadership to understand and construct their relationship with the state, they place strong emphasis on negotiation...

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...ted through the cultural imagination and everyday practice of ordinary people (Aretxaga, 2003; Burghart, 1996; Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; Das and Poole, 2004a; Foster, 2002; Fuller and Benei, 2000; =-=Gupta, 1995-=-, 2005; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001b). Inspired by recent theoretical developments, this article is concerned with how the Bunun, an Austronesian-speaking aboriginal minority group of central Taiwan, p...

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...ropology displays a particularly strong emphasis on the everyday formation of the state, and on how the state is constructed through the cultural imagination and everyday practice of ordinary people (=-=Aretxaga, 2003-=-; Burghart, 1996; Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; Das and Poole, 2004a; Foster, 2002; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Gupta, 1995, 2005; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001b). Inspired by recent theoretical developments,...

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...also a basic position shared by recent scholars. Such an approach holds that the state should not be treated as a natural entity, system or apparatus, but as a historical and contingent constitution (=-=Comaroff, 1998-=-; Coronil, 1997; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001a; Scott, 1998; Steinmetz, 1999). Under the influences of Gramsci (1971) and Foucault (1977, 1980, 1982, 1991), the entangled relatio...

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...ach other in the town. When properly contained in the domain of kinship relations, money is morally valued because it facilitates the reproduction of long-term reciprocal commitment and social order (=-=Carsten, 1989-=-; Toren, 1989). As Parry and Bloch (1989) have pointed out, the symbolism and moral evaluations of money are closely linked with the articulation between the long-term reproduction of social order, an...

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...bri of New Guinea negotiate with the state based on the model of a trading partnership, and find it very difficult to accept the state’s claim to a higher authority which represents public interests (=-=Gewertz and Errington, 1991-=-). As well, in other parts of New Guinea, the Huli follow the traditional political model of a big man, and perceive the state as a white man, whereby it can be not only generous and protective like a...

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...ooked the phenomena of public participation in reproducing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (Abu-Lughod, 1990; Brown, 1996; Cooper, 1994; Das and Poole, 2004b; Kaplan and Kelly, 1994; =-=Mitchell, 1990-=-; Navaro-Yashin, 2002; O’Hanlon, 1988; Ortner, 1995), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within current anthropological discourse. This preoccupation with resistance has prevented anthropol...

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... out and emphasized by the ruled before they were incorporated into the state. The Bunun case shows that compliance, instead of being a kind of passive accommodation, can be ‘quite effective agency’ (=-=Ortner, 1997-=-: 148). The Yang ■ Imagining the state 507 03_yang_062474 (jk-t)s3/4/06s3:43 pmsPage 507sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 9, 2016eth.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsBunun’s self-professed compliance is an...

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...tate, and on how the state is constructed through the cultural imagination and everyday practice of ordinary people (Aretxaga, 2003; Burghart, 1996; Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; Das and Poole, 2004a; =-=Foster, 2002-=-; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Gupta, 1995, 2005; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001b). Inspired by recent theoretical developments, this article is concerned with how the Bunun, an Austronesian-speaking aborigina...

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...yang_062474 (jk-t)s3/4/06s3:43 pmsPage 488sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 9, 2016eth.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsunanalysed given or a stage in the evolution of political and cultural organization (=-=Nagengast, 1994-=-: 116).4 However, there has been a new level of anthropological concern with the modern state in the last decade. Ferguson and Gupta suggest that: . . . in part, the new interest in the state arises f...

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...ena of public participation in reproducing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (Abu-Lughod, 1990; Brown, 1996; Cooper, 1994; Das and Poole, 2004b; Kaplan and Kelly, 1994; Mitchell, 1990; =-=Navaro-Yashin, 2002-=-; O’Hanlon, 1988; Ortner, 1995), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within current anthropological discourse. This preoccupation with resistance has prevented anthropologists from a more nu...

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...attempt is to ‘substantialize hierarchical Ethnography 6(4)494 03_yang_062474 (jk-t)s3/4/06s3:43 pmsPage 494sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 9, 2016eth.sagepub.comDownloaded fromssocial relations’ (=-=Alonso, 1994-=-: 385). For the Bunun, kinship is less about the construction of superiority and debt, and more about intimacy, protection and reciprocal moral commitment. They strongly emphasize that those with grea...

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...described by Brown (1996: 729) as ‘theoretical hegemony’ today. The moral fervor the rhetoric of resistance projects has made it particularly appealing to social scientists after the postmodern turn (=-=Brown, 1996-=-: 729–30). Although resistance studies have risked problems of romanticization, ethnographic thinness and vagueness in the over-expansion of what constitutes resistance and, as well, have overlooked t...

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...and, as well, have overlooked the phenomena of public participation in reproducing systems of power as pointed out by many scholars (Abu-Lughod, 1990; Brown, 1996; Cooper, 1994; Das and Poole, 2004b; =-=Kaplan and Kelly, 1994-=-; Mitchell, 1990; Navaro-Yashin, 2002; O’Hanlon, 1988; Ortner, 1995), it is still a very dominant theoretical theme within current anthropological discourse. This preoccupation with resistance has pre...

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...trate an agency. This also reflects a strong tendency in anthropology to highlight aspects of resistance where the relationship between the people studied and the state is concerned (e.g. Hale, 1994; =-=Kapferer, 1995-=-). However, when the Bunun use their idioms of kinship and political leadership to understand and construct their relationship with the state, they place strong emphasis on negotiation, rather than on...

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...anese deliberately presented themselves as a provider, linked to the patronizing notion that despite their ignorance and stupidity, these ‘raw savages’ were also the children of the Japanese Emperor (=-=Asano, 1988-=-[1933]: 56). By providing material goods and new technology, the Japanese colonial officials could claim that they had taken good care of the Bunun. The Nationalist government, which took over Taiwan ...

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...s a particularly strong emphasis on the everyday formation of the state, and on how the state is constructed through the cultural imagination and everyday practice of ordinary people (Aretxaga, 2003; =-=Burghart, 1996-=-; Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; Das and Poole, 2004a; Foster, 2002; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Gupta, 1995, 2005; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001b). Inspired by recent theoretical developments, this article is...

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...se and the training of young men (Ma, 1985: 39–44). While a saspinal was still physically strong, he also led in headhunting as lavi-an. When he became old, another strong man was elected as lavi-an (=-=Chiu, 1966-=-: 156). After the threat of headhunting warfare had diminished, the ‘tribe’ system would dissolve and each settlement regained its independence and autonomy. Traditional saspinal demonstrated the char...

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... salt, matches, cloth, and tools has proved to be the most popular policy. Obtaining these goods was also the main purpose, on the part of the Bunun, to establish contact with the colonial authority (=-=Lin, 1998-=-: 10–11). The Japanese deliberately presented themselves as a provider, linked to the patronizing notion that despite their ignorance and stupidity, these ‘raw savages’ were also the children of the J...

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...eetings were executed under the supervision of saspinal. Lavi-an (military leader) and a group of mamangan (warriors or brave men) were responsible for warfare, defense and the training of young men (=-=Ma, 1985-=-: 39–44). While a saspinal was still physically strong, he also led in headhunting as lavi-an. When he became old, another strong man was elected as lavi-an (Chiu, 1966: 156). After the threat of head...

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...children’s health relies significantly on protection from the members of their mother’s patrilineal clan (tankanai-an), whose blessings or curses are considered to be the most powerful and effective (=-=Mabuchi, 1986-=-). Although the Bunun place much emphasis on consensus while electing saspinal, a process they call mapintasa (‘becoming one’ [voice or opinion]), it is very difficult to make a unanimous decision whe...

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...d debt, and more about intimacy, protection and reciprocal moral commitment. They strongly emphasize that those with greater power should protect and show compassion and love to those who are weaker (=-=Mabuchi, 1987-=-[1974]: 232). The provision of food, money and other things, both in everyday life and on ritual occasions, objectifies such love, sympathy and protection. Also, the hierarchy such provision may entai...

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... be treated as a natural entity, system or apparatus, but as a historical and contingent constitution (Comaroff, 1998; Coronil, 1997; Fuller and Benei, 2000; Hansen and Stepputat, 2001a; Scott, 1998; =-=Steinmetz, 1999-=-). Under the influences of Gramsci (1971) and Foucault (1977, 1980, 1982, 1991), the entangled relationship between hegemony and resistance, questions of how the state rules, what kind of method and t...

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...at PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 9, 2016eth.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsThe position that the state creates mystification has been a common one since Marx (Comaroff and Comaroff, 2000; Coronil, 1997; =-=Taussig, 1992-=-, 1997). Marx (1967) took the state to be, for the most part, an ideological construct and a means of domination. For Weber, too, it ‘is a claim to legitimacy, a means by which politically organized s...

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...e town. When properly contained in the domain of kinship relations, money is morally valued because it facilitates the reproduction of long-term reciprocal commitment and social order (Carsten, 1989; =-=Toren, 1989-=-). As Parry and Bloch (1989) have pointed out, the symbolism and moral evaluations of money are closely linked with the articulation between the long-term reproduction of social order, and short-term ...

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...ip with the colonizers. 10 Administratively, Vulvul belongs to Haitung township, and Quqauz belongs to Ren-ai township. 11 The political participation of Mainlanders and Taiwanese was highly unequal (=-=Wakabayashi, 1989-=-). Although the Mainlanders make up only a small proportion of Taiwan’s population, they dominated Taiwan’s government before the fall of the Nationalist Party in the presidential election of 2000. 12...