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...ity participants (Newburn and Jones, 2002) and to be dominated by police-led agendas rather than community concerns, particularly where the police service have less well developed community contacts (=-=Jones and Newburn, 2001-=-). Similar tensions were visible in the re s e a rch. Reflecting this, an IAG member in Site 5 said: “I would say… I’m not there to be your [the local police’s] insurance policy. I am there to make po...

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...ptance at all levels that little could be done to rectify this situation. Unlike many county forces, where the number of homicides is small and the majority involve cases where the offender is known (=-=Innes, 2003-=-), the situation in London is the reverse, with the majority of homicides involving cases where the offender is unknown and where almost one in ten cases are very high profile, re s o u rce intensive ...

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...l liaison, these roles were generally not very well integrated into mainstream policing – an experience that has previously been noted in relation both to other specialist roles (Harvey et al., 1989; =-=McConville and Shepherd, 1992-=-; Fielding, 1995) and to work not perceived or defined as mainstream crime-fighting (Punch, 1979). In addition, local beat officers in particular were also subject to other pre s s u res, such as freq...

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...utside the remit of this study. Many of these issues have been examined as part of the Home Office’s research programme following the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (see, for example, Tampkin et al., 2004; =-=Quinton and Olagundoye, 2004-=-; Miller et al., 2000; Bland et al., 1999). Racism and institutional racism It was the application of the term institutional racism to the MPS in particular, and the police s e rvice more generally, t...

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...rved team. Although “homicide is highly diverse in its characteristics” (Brookman and Maguire, 2003: iii), there are marked patterns by ethnicity, gender, age and socio-economic status (Cotton, 2003; =-=Rock, 1998-=-). In London the majority of victims are from minority ethnic groups (in 2002, for example, 58 per cent came from BME groups including 38 per cent AfricanCaribbean and 10 per cent Asian [MPS Homicide ...

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...acpherson, 1999) through a detailed analysis of the events surrounding the murder of Stephen Lawrence and the police response to it. The focus of the Lawrence Inquiry was both particular and general (=-=McLaughlin and Murji, 1999-=-). In Part 1 it examined the circumstances of Stephen Lawrence’s murder, the police response to it and the subsequent criminal investigation. In Part 2 it explored the broader issues of policecommunit...

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...k of confidence in police response, a lack of confidence in approaching the police, language p roblems, lack of support for victims, and fear of retribution (Aye Maung and Mirr l e e s - Black, 1994; =-=Maynard and Read, 1997-=-). Measures to improve self-re p o rting schemes existed in all sites apart from Site 6. Site 3 had developed new self-re p o rt forms which w e re placed in public services and facilities used by min...

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...n.” The relationship between murder victims’ families and the police involve a number of critical tensions not least because family members are sometimes implicated in the murders of their relatives (=-=Innes, 1999-=- and 2003). FLOs provide a link between the family and the investigation, updating them on progress and providing support throughout the investigative and court phases. This is a difficult role that, ...

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...e r p r e t e d or d e f i n e d by the audience (e.g. Goff m a n , 1961). Furthermore, because police officers are authority figures and hold the sanction of c o e rcion and violence (Bittner, 1990; =-=Manning, 1977-=-), police-citizen encounters have particular resonance – all the more so where citizens are members of minority groups that regularly perceive themselves to be discriminated against. The re s e a rch ...

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.... Many of these issues have been examined as part of the Home Office’s research programme following the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (see, for example, Tampkin et al., 2004; Quinton and Olagundoye, 2004; =-=Miller et al., 2000-=-; Bland et al., 1999). Racism and institutional racism It was the application of the term institutional racism to the MPS in particular, and the police s e rvice more generally, that generated the mos...

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...reviously been noted in relation both to other specialist roles (Harvey et al., 1989; McConville and Shepherd, 1992; Fielding, 1995) and to work not perceived or defined as mainstream crime-fighting (=-=Punch, 1979-=-). In addition, local beat officers in particular were also subject to other pre s s u res, such as frequent abstraction, and this further undermined their ability to sustain local contacts. For local...

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... e r s o n ’s belief that the Inquiry “made it crystal clear that, because we call the Metropolitan Police institutionally racist, not every policeman is a racist” (The Times, 1 April 1999, quoted in =-=Rock, 2004-=-), widespread misunderstanding of the term still existed, with many police officers in forces across England and Wales, not just the MPS, feeling they had been branded as racists. In part, this was a ...