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...velopment of the hightech industry in industrializing countries as frequently taking low capital, land, or labor-intensive manufacturing technology represents a major source of competitive advantage (=-=Porter, 1990-=-; Chang and Hsu (1998). Many of Taiwanese high-tech firms achieve low-cost production through mass production of standardized products. Such production model provide local firms moved quickly to accum...

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...ng for Taiwanese high-tech firms to upgrade their R&D innovation capabilities and increase level of local competitiveness. Competition drives the innovation process and the upgrading of capabilities (=-=Porter, 1980-=-, 1990); that is, more innovative and with better access to the resources necessary for their productive activities is need. Consistent with the Porters’ perspective (Porter, 1990), firm competitive a...

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...h may not reflect the real relationships in such models. The major problem with most studies measuring R&D innovation and performance is that they rely on predetermined or fitting model measurements (=-=Pawlak, 1991-=-; Pawlak et al., 1995; Pawlak, 1997). This is especially true when researchers adopt a production function or an economic model to measure R&D innovation and performance. Under such a situation, the r...

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...ect the real relationships in such models. The major problem with most studies measuring R&D innovation and performance is that they rely on predetermined or fitting model measurements (Pawlak, 1991; =-=Pawlak et al., 1995-=-; Pawlak, 1997). This is especially true when researchers adopt a production function or an economic model to measure R&D innovation and performance. Under such a situation, the rule extraction techni...

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...ons and firm performance. Earlier empirical studies have examined associating R&D expenditures strongly with sales growth (Morbey and Reithner, 1990), profit and productivity (Baumol and Wolff, 1983; =-=Dosi, 1988-=-; Morbey and Reithner, 1990). In light of this logic, Franko (1989) argued that R&D investments were positively related to long-term performance. Ettlie (1998) examined the effect of R&D intensity on ...

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...ms based ng Tzeng c,d Taiwan ier.com/locate/technovation ation ARTICLE IN PRESS line with this is the conclusion by Werner and Souder (1997) that C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458448(=-=Henderson and Cockburn, 1994-=-; Duystersc and Hagedoorn, 2001; Hagedoon and Cloodt, 2003). For these reasons, R&D activity is considered by high-technology firms an important part of maintaining competitiveness and driving profita...

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...n ARTICLE IN PRESS line with this is the conclusion by Werner and Souder (1997) that C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458448(Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; Duystersc and Hagedoorn, 2001; =-=Hagedoon and Cloodt, 2003-=-). For these reasons, R&D activity is considered by high-technology firms an important part of maintaining competitiveness and driving profitability. Many studies rely on empirical studies to analyze ...

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...firm is totalassessing indiscernibility design. The primary purpose of discretization is the prohibition of drawing general conclusions from data in terms of dependencies, reducts and decision rules (=-=Dimitras et al., 1999-=-). When firms exhibit the values of these attributes in the same intervals, this implies that they have very similar R&D innovation characteristics and behaviors. The intervals proposed for the discre...

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...activities than other industries (Butchart, 1987). The more commonly accepted approach is to define high-technology firms on the degree of expenditure on R&D as a percentage of sales greater than 5% (=-=Balkin et al., 2000-=-). According to Reeble (1990), a high-technology industry includes activities in which rapid technological change and high inputs of scientific R&D expenditure and employment are producing new innovat...

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...recise data, or, more specifically, for discovering relationships in the data. The rules developed by RST are directly translated into the path-dependent flow network graph (Ford and Fulkerson, 1962; =-=Pawlak, 2002-=-; 2004; 2005; Ou Yang et al., 2008) to infer the decision path and parameters between R&D innovation and performance at the firm level in high-technology industries. The use of RST for inducing R&D in...

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...bility distribution of the data. Therefore, many different studies have adopted the RST approach to extract rule and patterns from original data and unclassified information. RST hasistic conditions (=-=Tay and Shen, 2002-=-; Shyng et al., 2007). ARTICLE IN PRESS C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–4584503.2. Indiscernibility A central premise of rough set philosophy is that the knowledge consists in the abili...

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...lgorithms is presented as followsHigh-technology industries are also defined as those industriesinvesting proportionally more heavily in scientific and technological activities than other industries (=-=Butchart, 1987-=-). The more commonly accepted approach is to define high-technology firms on the degree of expenditure on R&D as a percentage of sales greater than 5% (Balkin et al., 2000). According to Reeble (1990)...

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... appropriate approach used to measure R&D performance. In addition to the papers mentioned previously, a few other empirical findings suggested that R&D has a positive impact on a firm’s performance (=-=Ito and Pucik, 1993-=-; Long and Ravenscraft, 1993; Lee and Shin, 1995). In summary, a majority of the literature has empirically demonstrated the significant impact of R&D innovation activities on the performance of firms...

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...ouglas production function (Tsai and Wang, 2004; Guellec, and Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 2004), panel random effect regressions (Del Monte and Papagni, 2003), OLS regressions (Thornhill, 2006; =-=Coombs and Bierly, 2006-=-), the relev method (Coccia, 2001), and the real options approach (Willigers and Hansen, 2008; Wu and Yen, 2007). Although some of these traditional statistical methods lead to models with a satisfact...

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...er.com/locate/technovation ation ARTICLE IN PRESS line with this is the conclusion by Werner and Souder (1997) that C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458448(Henderson and Cockburn, 1994; =-=Duystersc and Hagedoorn, 2001-=-; Hagedoon and Cloodt, 2003). For these reasons, R&D activity is considered by high-technology firms an important part of maintaining competitiveness and driving profitability. Many studies rely on em...

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...il.ncyu.edu.tw (C.-H. Wang).particularly true in high-technology industries, characterized by short product life cycles, high uncertainty, and intense competition among new products for market share (=-=Qian and Li, 2003-=-). In titive advantage rely upon R&D ability, and hence, innovati extremely competitive environments (Duysters and Haged 2000; Wan et al., 2005). This innovativeness can help ca and maintain market sh...

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... used to measure R&D performance. In addition to the papers mentioned previously, a few other empirical findings suggested that R&D has a positive impact on a firm’s performance (Ito and Pucik, 1993; =-=Long and Ravenscraft, 1993-=-; Lee and Shin, 1995). In summary, a majority of the literature has empirically demonstrated the significant impact of R&D innovation activities on the performance of firms; however, these studies did...

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...thods for establishing and identifying the relationships between R&D innovations and firm performance. Earlier empirical studies have examined associating R&D expenditures strongly with sales growth (=-=Morbey and Reithner, 1990-=-), profit and productivity (Baumol and Wolff, 1983; Dosi, 1988; Morbey and Reithner, 1990). In light of this logic, Franko (1989) argued that R&D investments were positively related to long-term perfo...

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...of the data. Therefore, many different studies have adopted the RST approach to extract rule and patterns from original data and unclassified information. RST hasistic conditions (Tay and Shen, 2002; =-=Shyng et al., 2007-=-). ARTICLE IN PRESS C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–4584503.2. Indiscernibility A central premise of rough set philosophy is that the knowledge consists in the ability to classify. The ...

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...ntense competition among new products for market share (Qian and Li, 2003). In titive advantage rely upon R&D ability, and hence, innovati extremely competitive environments (Duysters and Haged 2000; =-=Wan et al., 2005-=-). This innovativeness can help ca and maintain market share for improving firm profita (Wang et al., 2008). There is no doubt about the importanResearch and development (R&D) innovation activity is r...

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...ze R&D innovation activities according to different formal functions, such as the use of the neoclassical production technology function (Griffith et al., 2004), the Cobb–Douglas production function (=-=Tsai and Wang, 2004-=-; Guellec, and Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 2004), panel random effect regressions (Del Monte and Papagni, 2003), OLS regressions (Thornhill, 2006; Coombs and Bierly, 2006), the relev method (Coc...

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...ribe contents to hightechnology industries, including foreign computer manufacturer investment the government recognizing the development of hightechnology industries for maintaining economic growth (=-=Chen and Huang, 2004-=-), and government participation and intervention in the development high-technology science parks. Reflecting this process, the Taiwan high-technology industries have continually invested in R&D innov...

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...004; Guellec, and Van Pottelsberghe de la Potterie, 2004), panel random effect regressions (Del Monte and Papagni, 2003), OLS regressions (Thornhill, 2006; Coombs and Bierly, 2006), the relev method (=-=Coccia, 2001-=-), and the real options approach (Willigers and Hansen, 2008; Wu and Yen, 2007). Although some of these traditional statistical methods lead to models with a satisfactory ability to analyze R&D innova...

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...n of is et con to dev con exp C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458452 Number of patents: The number of patents can be viewed as an indicator of R&D success (Graves and Langowitz, 1996; =-=Kim and Oh, 2002-=-; Wan et al., 2005). The number of patents also measures the volume of firm research activities and the impact of a firm’s research on subsequent innovations. The proportion of exports: Exports indi...

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...o define what the hightechnology industry is. A broad definition of a high-technology firm is one whose business activities are heavily dependent upon innovation in science and technology approaches (=-=Medcof, 1999-=-).rules, whereas the flow graph is supposed to describe a decision algorithm. According to the flow graph and Bayes’ theorem (Pawlak, 2002), the model was used to capture and describe the nature of de...

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...e (2004) argue that R&D activities are important source of knowledge on multifactor productivity growth, a significant determinant of long-term productivity growth. In the same vein, Frascati Manual (=-=OECD, 1993-=-) defined R&D efforts as being comprised of creative work undertaken on a systematic basis to increase the stock of knowledge. The purpose of this stock of knowledge is to devise new applications (OEC...

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...arly in high-technology industriessamples.R&D efforts toward their products, processes, and technology to overcome technological hurdles and distinguish their offerings from those of competing firms (=-=Thornhill, 2006-=-). R&D efforts can also indicate the innovative competences affecting the perfor0166-4972/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.tech...

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...rson (1962), is a powerful tool for explaining a pathdependent relationship based on the rough sets of decision rules. Branches of the flow network graph are interpreted as decision ARTICLE IN PRESS (=-=Pawlak, 2004-=-, 2005; Ou Yang et al., 2008). C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458 451A flow graph is a directed acyclic finite graph G=(V,b,h) where V is a set of nodes, bDV2 is a set of directed bran...

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... R&D ability, and hence, innovati extremely competitive environments (Duysters and Haged 2000; Wan et al., 2005). This innovativeness can help ca and maintain market share for improving firm profita (=-=Wang et al., 2008-=-). There is no doubt about the importanResearch and development (R&D) innovation activity is recognized by its concern with multiple indicators displaying complex structures, uncertainty with many int...

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...cally, for discovering relationships in the data. The rules developed by RST are directly translated into the path-dependent flow network graph (Ford and Fulkerson, 1962; Pawlak, 2002; 2004; 2005; Ou =-=Yang et al., 2008-=-) to infer the decision path and parameters between R&D innovation and performance at the firm level in high-technology industries. The use of RST for inducing R&D innovation and performance decisions...

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...erie, 2004), panel random effect regressions (Del Monte and Papagni, 2003), OLS regressions (Thornhill, 2006; Coombs and Bierly, 2006), the relev method (Coccia, 2001), and the real options approach (=-=Willigers and Hansen, 2008-=-; Wu and Yen, 2007). Although some of these traditional statistical methods lead to models with a satisfactory ability to analyze R&D innovation activities, they often include a priori assumptions on ...

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...fect regressions (Del Monte and Papagni, 2003), OLS regressions (Thornhill, 2006; Coombs and Bierly, 2006), the relev method (Coccia, 2001), and the real options approach (Willigers and Hansen, 2008; =-=Wu and Yen, 2007-=-). Although some of these traditional statistical methods lead to models with a satisfactory ability to analyze R&D innovation activities, they often include a priori assumptions on the data. The adva...

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... con Tab cla ext tio syn is n of is et con to dev con exp C.-H. Wang et al. / Technovation 30 (2010) 447–458452 Number of patents: The number of patents can be viewed as an indicator of R&D success (=-=Graves and Langowitz, 1996-=-; Kim and Oh, 2002; Wan et al., 2005). The number of patents also measures the volume of firm research activities and the impact of a firm’s research on subsequent innovations. The proportion of exp...

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... associated with R&D and innovation activities’ resulting in new products and services. An important indicator of the realization of product innovations is the share of new products in sales revenue (=-=Koschatzky et al., 2001-=-). Grupp and Maital (2000) examined the R&D innovation activities of the largest Israeli firms and found an association between perceived innovativeness and significant increases in sales revenues and...

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... (ROI): ROI is the easiest financial criteria to calculate for R&D outcomes, which are relatively stable and predictable. It is also the single most important indicator of R&D innovation performance (=-=Hartmann, et al., 2006-=-; Walwyn, 2007). This study is based on panel data gathered from multiple databases related to the high-technology industry in Taiwan. The study sample was comprised of all of the over-the-counter (OT...

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...ance. In addition to the papers mentioned previously, a few other empirical findings suggested that R&D has a positive impact on a firm’s performance (Ito and Pucik, 1993; Long and Ravenscraft, 1993; =-=Lee and Shin, 1995-=-). In summary, a majority of the literature has empirically demonstrated the significant impact of R&D innovation activities on the performance of firms; however, these studies did not examine whether...

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...ips between R&D innovations and firm performance. Earlier empirical studies have examined associating R&D expenditures strongly with sales growth (Morbey and Reithner, 1990), profit and productivity (=-=Baumol and Wolff, 1983-=-; Dosi, 1988; Morbey and Reithner, 1990). In light of this logic, Franko (1989) argued that R&D investments were positively related to long-term performance. Ettlie (1998) examined the effect of R&D i...

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...nd remarksdistribution assumptions about the variables of the model.Based upon the evoluationary theories of ecomonic and technological change, R&D innovation is an evolutionary and social processes (=-=Edquist, 2004-=-), and the collective learning processes as well as external collaborations with other firms (Cooke et al. 2000). In the same vein, Cooke et al. (1997) argued that the evolutionart approach is well su...

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...set of decision attributes, respectively. V [aAQVa, in which Va is the set of attributes for values Q, and f:UQ-V is an information function such that f(x,a)AVa for every aAQ and xAU (Pawlak, 1991; =-=Fan et al., 2007-=-). For any application of RST, objects can be interpreted as cases, states, processes, patients and observations. Attributes can be interpreted as features, variables and character-differences in data...

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...tion, based on large-scale empirical data without requiring a probability distribution. Compared to other approaches for handling inconsistent information, the use of the RST carries many advantages (=-=Pawlak, 1996-=-, 1997). It does not require any preliminary or additional information about the initial data. In addition, it is more appropriate than standard statistical methods when the empirical or experimental ...