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...similarities); then, we did the same for the pairs belonging to different clusters (inter-cluster similarities). After that, we applied a kernel smoothing technique known as Kernel Density Estimation =-=[22]-=- to estimate the probability density functions for our similarity distributions, plotted in Figure 5 (the distribution of each cluster is represented by its color corresponding to Table 2). We applied...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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...) are significant at the 99% confidence level. We also compared the result of the hierarchical clustering with that of two network clustering algorithms (namely, Infomap [42] and the ‘Louvain method’ =-=[4]-=-) applied to the trend pathway backbone network (described in §2.2). We obtained consistent results in all cases: the only difference Figure 4: geographic representation of the 63 locations and respec...

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...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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...9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, [1, 3, 17, 43], emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community =-=[10, 27]-=-. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determine the success of a trend in terms of spreading and longevity. We argue...

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...rks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions [11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54] and the emergence of patterns of collective attention =-=[5, 6, 26, 50]-=-. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics [20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]...

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... (and, therefore, the clusters) are significant at the 99% confidence level. We also compared the result of the hierarchical clustering with that of two network clustering algorithms (namely, Infomap =-=[42]-=- and the ‘Louvain method’ [4]) applied to the trend pathway backbone network (described in §2.2). We obtained consistent results in all cases: the only difference Figure 4: geographic representation o...

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...he dynamics tightly binding trends and geography in online social media. Geographic locations and physical distances have been found to be correlated to friendship behaviors in online social networks =-=[28]-=-, to determine patterns in human mobility networks [7, 20], and to affect collaboration schemes in science networks [37]. Recent studies took advantage of platforms such as Yelp and Foursquare, which ...

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...ine social media. Geographic locations and physical distances have been found to be correlated to friendship behaviors in online social networks [28], to determine patterns in human mobility networks =-=[7, 20]-=-, and to affect collaboration schemes in science networks [37]. Recent studies took advantage of platforms such as Yelp and Foursquare, which provide customized services to their users based on their ...

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... exists: geographically concentrated areas share similar contents and trends. The local versus global (“glocal”) nature of communication has been observed before in other types of online conversation =-=[21]-=-. In our analysis of the Occupy Wall Street movement on Twitter [14, 15], we noted that geographically localized discussions aim at mobilizing resources (e.g., marshaling financial, material and human...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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...rks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions [11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54] and the emergence of patterns of collective attention =-=[5, 6, 26, 50]-=-. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics [20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]...

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...ppiness and individual satisfaction. Another recent research line related to our work is that of the detection of emerging trends, topics, memes, and events in online social networks and social media =-=[1, 3, 10, 17, 19, 27, 30, 43]-=-. Naaman et al. [34] characterized trends according to different dimensions, such as content, interaction, time-based and social features. These features were later used to classify trends, allowing f...

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...overned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed [9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, =-=[1, 3, 17, 43]-=-, emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determ...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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...ynamics, like social butterflies that pass from person to person at the local level, or do they diffuse using traveling people as vectors, similarly to epidemics that take advantage of human mobility =-=[13, 2]-=-? Further work is needed to explore this conjecture. One possibility would be to measure the correlation between trend overlap among pairs of cities and the corresponding air traffic. 5. RELATEDWORK T...

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...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

Citation Context

...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

Citation Context

...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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...9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, [1, 3, 17, 43], emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community =-=[10, 27]-=-. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determine the success of a trend in terms of spreading and longevity. We argue...

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...ynamics, like social butterflies that pass from person to person at the local level, or do they diffuse using traveling people as vectors, similarly to epidemics that take advantage of human mobility =-=[13, 2]-=-? Further work is needed to explore this conjecture. One possibility would be to measure the correlation between trend overlap among pairs of cities and the corresponding air traffic. 5. RELATEDWORK T...

Citation Context

...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

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...ends represent interesting collective communication phenomena: they are user-generated, continually changing and mostly ungoverned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed =-=[9, 40, 41]-=-). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, [1, 3, 17, 43], emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. ...

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...rks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions [11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54] and the emergence of patterns of collective attention =-=[5, 6, 26, 50]-=-. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics [20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]...

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...en suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic distances =-=[12, 34]-=-. This, however, does not imply that communication patterns on social media are not affected by physical distances and geographic borders [33, 36]. In this paper, we explicitly study the role played b...

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...ends represent interesting collective communication phenomena: they are user-generated, continually changing and mostly ungoverned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed =-=[9, 40, 41]-=-). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, [1, 3, 17, 43], emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. ...

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...rks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions [11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54] and the emergence of patterns of collective attention =-=[5, 6, 26, 50]-=-. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics [20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]...

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...overned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed [9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, =-=[1, 3, 17, 43]-=-, emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determ...

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...ation is connected with all the others and only the weight of the connections vary. To ease the analysis we applied to this network an edge filtering technique known as multiscale backbone extraction =-=[48]-=-. The goal of this procedure is to retain only those connections that are statistically significant, by removing all edges whose weight does not deviate sufficiently from a null model. The significanc...

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... such as Yelp and Foursquare, which provide customized services to their users based on their physical location (e.g., recommendations of events or places), to study geographic user activity patterns =-=[35, 44, 45, 46]-=-. Others have used platforms such as Twitter and Facebook, that enrich user profiles with geographic information and accompany user generated content with location-based data, to map users demographic...

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... possible to ignore physical and geographic distances [12, 34]. This, however, does not imply that communication patterns on social media are not affected by physical distances and geographic borders =-=[33, 36]-=-. In this paper, we explicitly study the role played by geography in driving the main topics of discussion on Twitter: trending hashtags and phrases. Trends represent interesting collective communicat...

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...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

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... critical to describe social dynamics in networked systems. Geographic factors have also been recently found crucial in the adoption of languages and dialects [33], and in the expression of sentiment =-=[32, 38, 39]-=- in online social media. Mocanu et al. [33] showed how social media data can be used to characterize language geography at different levels of granularity, to highlight patterns such as linguistic hom...

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... critical to describe social dynamics in networked systems. Geographic factors have also been recently found crucial in the adoption of languages and dialects [33], and in the expression of sentiment =-=[32, 38, 39]-=- in online social media. Mocanu et al. [33] showed how social media data can be used to characterize language geography at different levels of granularity, to highlight patterns such as linguistic hom...

Citation Context

...ve attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobility patterns and social media demographics =-=[20, 24, 31, 35, 45, 46, 8]-=-. It has been suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic...

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...d trends. The local versus global (“glocal”) nature of communication has been observed before in other types of online conversation [21]. In our analysis of the Occupy Wall Street movement on Twitter =-=[14, 15]-=-, we noted that geographically localized discussions aim at mobilizing resources (e.g., marshaling financial, material and human capital) while global discourse sets the goals of the movement and deve...

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...overned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed [9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, =-=[1, 3, 17, 43]-=-, emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determ...

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...rucial information to characterize trends on online social media. Finally, social media data can be used to make educated guesses on the outcome of real-word events, such as elections or competitions =-=[18]-=-. Ciulla et al. [12] combined trends and geographic information of Twitter data to demonstrate that online social media can be exploited to predict social events in the real-world. They collected tren...

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...d trends. The local versus global (“glocal”) nature of communication has been observed before in other types of online conversation [21]. In our analysis of the Occupy Wall Street movement on Twitter =-=[14, 15]-=-, we noted that geographically localized discussions aim at mobilizing resources (e.g., marshaling financial, material and human capital) while global discourse sets the goals of the movement and deve...

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...ends represent interesting collective communication phenomena: they are user-generated, continually changing and mostly ungoverned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed =-=[9, 40, 41]-=-). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, [1, 3, 17, 43], emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. ...

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...overned (although orchestrated hijacking attempts have already been observed [9, 40, 41]). So far, trends have been studied as a proxy to detect exogenous real-world events discussed in social media, =-=[1, 3, 17, 43]-=-, emerging topics, or news of interest for the online community [10, 27]. But trends are also strongly localized in space and time: the temporal and geographic dimensions play a crucial role to determ...

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...e been found to be correlated to friendship behaviors in online social networks [28], to determine patterns in human mobility networks [7, 20], and to affect collaboration schemes in science networks =-=[37]-=-. Recent studies took advantage of platforms such as Yelp and Foursquare, which provide customized services to their users based on their physical location (e.g., recommendations of events or places),...

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...ways they follow to diffuse in the country, we analyze the multiscale trend pathway backbone network, built as described in §2.2 and represented in Figure 6 by using a divided edge bundling technique =-=[47]-=-. This visualization strategy has been successfully applied to other geographic networks such as the US airport traffic network (cf. [47]). In this node-link representation the edges are bundled takin...

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...rends; geography; mobility 1. INTRODUCTION Social media and online social networks have been widely adopted as proxies to study complex social dynamics, such as the spread of information and opinions =-=[11, 16, 25, 29, 53, 54]-=- and the emergence of patterns of collective attention [5, 6, 26, 50]. Groundbreaking results emerged with the analysis of geographic metadata from social media, allowing for the study of human mobili...

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... possible to ignore physical and geographic distances [12, 34]. This, however, does not imply that communication patterns on social media are not affected by physical distances and geographic borders =-=[33, 36]-=-. In this paper, we explicitly study the role played by geography in driving the main topics of discussion on Twitter: trending hashtags and phrases. Trends represent interesting collective communicat...

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... movement and develops the narrative frames that reinforce collective purpose. The influence of the locality effect has been also recently pointed out for innovation adoption on Twitter: Toole et al. =-=[49]-=- noted that homophily and physical closeness facilitate the adoption of new technological artifacts, suggesting that the effect of geographic location is critical to describe social dynamics in networ...

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...o the Southwest and Midwest parts of the country. Los Angeles and New York (among our top sources) have also been reported in the top 5 hashtag producers worldwide in the recent work by Kamath et al. =-=[23]-=-. Figure 6: Trend pathways in Twitter. Trends spread in the direction from blue to red. 3.4 Trendsetters and trend-followers The source-sink analysis presented above triggered our interest in the dyna...

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...en suggested that social media may overcome the spatio-temporal limitations of traditional communication: technologically-mediated systems make it possible to ignore physical and geographic distances =-=[12, 34]-=-. This, however, does not imply that communication patterns on social media are not affected by physical distances and geographic borders [33, 36]. In this paper, we explicitly study the role played b...

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...ppiness and individual satisfaction. Another recent research line related to our work is that of the detection of emerging trends, topics, memes, and events in online social networks and social media =-=[1, 3, 10, 17, 19, 27, 30, 43]-=-. Naaman et al. [34] characterized trends according to different dimensions, such as content, interaction, time-based and social features. These features were later used to classify trends, allowing f...

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... critical to describe social dynamics in networked systems. Geographic factors have also been recently found crucial in the adoption of languages and dialects [33], and in the expression of sentiment =-=[32, 38, 39]-=- in online social media. Mocanu et al. [33] showed how social media data can be used to characterize language geography at different levels of granularity, to highlight patterns such as linguistic hom...

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...llows, representing the Midwest and South. The red cluster, which is less localized, matches many locations in the East coast and Midwest. The purple cluster includes several major metropolitan areas =-=[51]-=-; their effect on trendsetting dynamics is discussed in §3.4 and a conjecture about their role is offered in §4. 3.2.2 Significance of geographic clustering To determine the statistical significance o...

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...e interpretation is offered by noticing the presence in this cluster of some of the major airport hubs of the United States, such as Atlanta, Chicago, and Los Angeles. The list of top US airport hubs =-=[52]-=- is shown in Table 4, where we aggregated the traffic by metropolitan area. Surprisingly, 16 out of the 17 locations that constitute the cluster appear in the top 20 air traffic hubs — all of them but...