Citation Context

...ype IV secretionssystem, has the unique ability to not only secrete proteins across the OM but alsosto directly facilitate translocation of bacterial proteins across the host plasmasmembrane as well (=-=Galan and Collmer, 1999-=-).sThese proteins can then directlysact within host cells and are highly important to the pathogenicity of manysorganisms.sAs suggested by the designation of Sec-independent, the type IIIssecretion tr...

Citation Context

...er the opening of this narrow region ofsTolC, allowing the passage of partially folded proteins through both of thes7 membranes of Gram-negative bacteria in one efficient step (Andersen et al.,s2002; =-=Koronakis et al., 2000-=-).sInterestingly, ATP hydrolysis by the ABCscomponent is required for protein secretion but not for assembly of the secretionsapparatus (Koronakis et al., 1993; Thanabalu et al., 1998).sExamples of pr...

Citation Context

....sThis organism is motile as well as oxidase-positive and demonstratessseveral different colony morphologies depending on the media, where the strainswas isolated from, and how long it was grown for (=-=Cheng and Currie, 2005-=-;sWiersinga et al., 2006).sThe genome of B. pseudomallei is 7.25 megabase pairs (Mb) in size and isspartitioned into two chromosomes.sThe first chromosome is 4.07 Mb ands44 possesses many genes respon...

Citation Context

...hey have an N-terminalsextension of ~25 aa of unknown function.sInterestingly, this extension is alsosfound in the signal sequences of exoproteins secreted by the TPS pathways(Henderson et al., 2004; =-=Henderson et al., 1998-=-).sFollowing translocation across the IM, autotransporter proteins must next bestargeted to the OM.sThis is believed to occur through efficient, spontaneoussinsertion of the beta-strands of the C-term...

Citation Context

...etion system in Gram-negativesbacteria.sType IV secretion consists of the following three sub-groups: thesconjugation system, the DNA uptake and release system, and the effectorstranslocation system (=-=Cascales and Christie, 2003-=-).sThe conjugation system hassbeen studied for many years and is the source for much of what is known aboutstranslocation via type IV secretion.sThe type IV secretion system of plants16 pathogen Agrob...

Citation Context

...ansporter family of proteins are modular proteins and can be divided intosthree domains, listed from N-terminus to C-terminus: the signal sequence, thespassenger domain, and the translocation domain (=-=Henderson et al., 2004-=-).sThese proteins are generally secreted across the IM via the Sec apparatus (Secdependent), after which the C-terminal translocation domain inserts into the OMsand facilitates the translocation of th...

Citation Context

...e insplace, the resulting structure is able to specifically facilitate translocation of thesremaining proteins that make up the channel and OM rings and incorporate thesessubunits into the structure (=-=Galan and Wolf-Watz, 2006-=-).sThe last part to besassembled is the needle structure; once this is in place the apparatus no longerssecretes proteins for self-construction, but is now able to translocate effectorsmolecules into ...

Citation Context

... structure becomes designated to motility and no longer facillitatesssecretion, whereas after the needle structure has been formed it continues tosfunction as a secretion machine for other molecules (=-=Cornelis, 2006-=-).sThe type III secretion apparatus is divided into two parts; the base, which issresponsible for the pore connecting the inner and outer membranes, and thesneedle complex, which extends from the base...

Citation Context

... which determines thesconditions best suited for mating.sFor example, a shorter, more rigid pilus maysallow for efficient DNA transmission on a solid media but would not fare as well insliquid broth (=-=Christie, 2001-=-).sAlthough these structural differences exist, thesconjugative pili are usually similar in the fact that they consist of one pilin subunit,showever, the appendage structures of the effector-secreting...

Citation Context

...ute to chronic infection (Chengsand Currie, 2005; Currie and Jacups, 2003).sAbscesses formed in the area ofscutaneous inoculation and soft tissue infections are also commonly observed insmelioidosis (=-=Chaowagul et al., 1989-=-; Wang et al., 2003).sOther observedsmanifestations, though less common, are genitourinary infections, suppurativesparotitis, and encephalomyelitis (Currie et al., 2000b; Dance et al., 1989).sIn anyso...

Citation Context

...sThese proteins are secreted by the type III apparatus into thes15 extracellular space where they bind the target cell and form pores in the hostsmembrane allowing entrance of the effector molecules (=-=Hakansson et al., 1996-=-).sThese proteins have been suggested to act as a dock for the needle complexsand this interaction may also involve other accessory proteins (Mueller et al.,s2005).sAlthough the knowledge on the assem...

Citation Context

...ain has traversed the outer membrane it may thensremain associated with the OM via its translocation domain or it can besseparated from it by proteolytic cleavage either by itself or another proteins(=-=Brunder et al., 1997-=-; St. Geme and Cutter, 2000).sIn some cases cleavage fromsthe translocation domain does not result in release rather, the passenger domainsremains associated with the OM via non-covalent interactions ...

Citation Context

...ntial role in virulence is contested by earlier studies performedsusing the Syrian hamster model, which demonstrated no significant differencesbetween the flagellated and the non-flagellated strains (=-=DeShazer et al., 1997-=-).sSiderophoresIron is important for bacterial growth.sIn low iron conditions, resembling that ofsthe animal host, bacteria often upregulate expression of proteins responsible forsiron acquisition, su...

Citation Context

...ntracellularly, as well as tosutilize the host actin machinery to spread to other cells (Stevens et al., 2002,s2005).sThe bacterium is also resistant to the bactericidal activity of humanscomplement (=-=DeShazer et al., 1998-=-; Egan and Gordon, 1996; ReckseidlerZenteno et al., 2005) and defensins (Burtnick and Woods, 1999; Jones et al.,s1996, 1997).sThis intracellular lifestyle enables the pathogen to hide out from theshos...

Citation Context

... some is known of the components of this systemsand is discussed briefly below.sThe outer membrane pore is created by large oligomers, consisting of 12-14ssubunits, of protein D (Bitter et al., 1998; =-=Hardie et al., 1996-=-; Kazmierczak et al.,s1994).sAdditionally, the N-terminus of these D proteins have been suggested tosplay a role in the gating of the pore (Nouwen et al., 2000).sThe insertion of the Dssubunits in the...

Citation Context

...also capable of causing several diseasessin both adults and children.sThe rates of colonization appear to vary with manysfactors including age, health, socioeconomic status and geographical locations(=-=Karalus and Campagnari, 2000-=-).sThere also appears to be a high turnover ratesof M. catarrhalis strains colonizing the upper respiratory tract, indicating continualsclearance and recolonization by new strains (Karalus and Campagn...

Citation Context

...ca and Hia of Haemophilus influenzae) possess additionalscomponents including a head, neck and stalk region, in addition to the ATconserved signal sequence, passenger domain and translocation domains(=-=Hoiczyk et al., 2000-=-).sThe translocation domain of these autotransporters isscomprised of only four beta-strands, which in turn oligomerize with two otherstranslocation units to form a final trimeric beta-barrel possessi...

Citation Context

...rn, requiresspartial unfolding before becoming secretion competent.sAn ATPase associatedswith the IM components of type III systems has been proposed to provide thesenergy to facilitate these events (=-=Akeda and Galan, 2005-=-).sActivation of type III secretion systems requires close proximity to the host cells.sThis judgement of proximity differs depending on the organism.sIn some cases, itsis the direct interaction of th...

Citation Context

...tion systems consist of three proteins, the first of which is the ATPBinding Cassette (ABC) transporter.sThe ABC transporters transverse the innersmembrane and likely function as dimers (Chang, 2003; =-=Chang and Roth, 2001-=-;sLocher et al., 2002).sThese proteins are responsible for recognition of the proteinsto be secreted, and therefore determine specificity (Delepelaire, 2004).sThiss6 protein is able to form a complex ...

Citation Context

...h America (2005).sReported human cases of glanders usually occur insthose who have frequent contact with horses, the main reservoir of B. mallei,ssuch as veterinarians, farmers, and horse caretakers (=-=DeShazer et al., 2001-=-).sGlanders was eradicated from the United States in 1937 due to resolutesslaughter of infected and seropositive animals (2006).sAlthough there have notsbeen any naturally occurring cases of glanders ...

Citation Context

...ame molecule (Karalus and Campagnari, 2000).sThe UspA1 protein was foundsbe important for the binding of M. catarrhalis to both HEp2 laryngeal and Changsconjuctival cells in vitro (Aebi et al., 1998; =-=Lafontaine et al., 2000-=-; Meier et al.,s2002).sThis binding has been suggested to be a specific interaction between thesUspA1 protein and the CEACAM receptor on human epithelial cells (Hill and Virji,s2003).sIn addition to f...

Citation Context

...uld be applicable to lowersrespiratory infections in COPD patients (Unhanand et al., 1992).sIt has beensused to determine the efficacy of clearance in several immunization studiess(Chen et al., 1996; =-=Helminen et al., 1993-=-; Jiao et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 1998).sThis model often uses bacteria inoculated intratracheally, which is notsrepresentative of a natural route of infection.sTo remedy this, others havesattempted...

Citation Context

...with the correspondingsmembranes), and a central rod that makes up the channel through the periplasm.sThe proteins of the base are transported across and incorporated into the IM viasthe Sec pathway (=-=Kubori et al., 2000-=-).sAfter the IM proteins of the base are insplace, the resulting structure is able to specifically facilitate translocation of thesremaining proteins that make up the channel and OM rings and incorpor...

Citation Context

... more accessory functions including: ironsacquisition, adaptation to changing environments, osmotic pressure protection,sregulation, as well as those coding for many hypothetical or unknown proteinss(=-=Holden et al., 2004-=-).sInfection and EpidemiologysBurkholderia pseudomallei is considered a saprophytic opportunistic pathogen.sAs mentioned above, it is readily found in the soil and water of endemic areas.sThese endemi...

Citation Context

... likely function as dimers (Chang, 2003; Chang and Roth, 2001;sLocher et al., 2002).sThese proteins are responsible for recognition of the proteinsto be secreted, and therefore determine specificity (=-=Delepelaire, 2004-=-).sThiss6 protein is able to form a complex with the membrane fusion protein (MFP), alsosknown as the adaptor protein.sThe MFP, likely functioning as a trimer, consistssof a short cytoplasmic domain, ...

Citation Context

...connecting thestranslocation unit to the passenger domain allows the molecule to make a hairpinsstructure such that the N-terminus of the passenger domain extends first into thesextracellular milieu (=-=Klauser et al., 1990-=-).sA variation of this model is one inswhich the passenger domain extends outward from the beta-barrel without theshairpin formation (Henderson et al., 2004).sHowever, there is yet another modelssugge...

Citation Context

... thatsspans the inner and outer membranes and connects the cytoplasm to the outsidesof the cell, as well as a filamentous appendage (e.g., the conjugative/transferspilus) located on the cell surface (=-=Baron et al., 2002-=-).sThe first step of secretionsis for the secretory protein to be recognized by the secretion apparatus.sIn thestype IV system, there is evidence that the secretion signal of a secretory proteinsis lo...

Citation Context

... type I secretion systems consist of three proteins, the first of which is the ATPBinding Cassette (ABC) transporter.sThe ABC transporters transverse the innersmembrane and likely function as dimers (=-=Chang, 2003-=-; Chang and Roth, 2001;sLocher et al., 2002).sThese proteins are responsible for recognition of the proteinsto be secreted, and therefore determine specificity (Delepelaire, 2004).sThiss6 protein is a...

Citation Context

...tes (Howe and Miller, 1947; Srinivasan et al., 2001).sSimilar to B.spseudomallei, the manifestations correlate with the route of infection and thesdisease can be either of an acute or chronic nature (=-=Howe et al., 1971-=-).sIn ansacute infection due to inhalation, the disease may present with necrosis of thestracheobronchial tree, febrile pneumonia, and pustular lesions.sIn the case ofscutaneous infection, pustular ab...

Citation Context

...ps the least complicated secretions19 systems in Gram-negative bacteria.sType V systems are responsible for thessecretion of very large proteins (>100 kDa) that are usually associated withsvirulence (=-=Jacob-Dubuisson et al., 2004-=-).sThe TPS and AT systems are veryssimilar and likely evolutionarily related (Henderson et al., 2000).sThesautotransporter family of proteins are modular proteins and can be divided intosthree domains...

Citation Context

... and Barenkamp, 2003).sAnother studysdemonstrated that vaccination with the fimbrial adhesin, FimH of urogpathogenicsE. coli resulted in a decrease in bacterial colonization of a monkey animal models(=-=Langermann et al., 2000-=-).sTherefore, the use of adhesins as vaccine targets issnot only a reasonable idea, but also a proven approach that should be pursued insother bacterial pathogens requiring a vaccine.sGram-Negative Ba...

Citation Context

...ude fever,snausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and diarrhea (Beers, 1999).sUpon examination,sthe tympanic membrane of the ear is often reddened, thick and bulging and maysalso produce a purulent exudate (=-=Faden, 2001-=-).sRecurrent episodes of otitissmedia are also common in children and can result in hearing loss due to scarrings31 of the tympanic membrane which may in turn lead to developmental and learningsproble...

Citation Context

...uch as SecB and SRP which prevent aggregation of thesproteins, as well as ensure that they do not obtain a stable tertiary structure thatsis incompatible with translocation across the Sec translocon (=-=Kumamoto, 1991-=-).sThese chaperones, also referred to as targeting proteins, facilitate an interaction,sand thus recognition, of the presecretory proteins by the Sec machinerys(SecYEG and SecA) (Manting and Driessen,...

Citation Context

...tory tract which would be applicable to lowersrespiratory infections in COPD patients (Unhanand et al., 1992).sIt has beensused to determine the efficacy of clearance in several immunization studiess(=-=Chen et al., 1996-=-; Helminen et al., 1993; Jiao et al., 2002; Murphy et al., 1998).sThis model often uses bacteria inoculated intratracheally, which is notsrepresentative of a natural route of infection.sTo remedy this...

Citation Context

... as tosutilize the host actin machinery to spread to other cells (Stevens et al., 2002,s2005).sThe bacterium is also resistant to the bactericidal activity of humanscomplement (DeShazer et al., 1998; =-=Egan and Gordon, 1996-=-; ReckseidlerZenteno et al., 2005) and defensins (Burtnick and Woods, 1999; Jones et al.,s1996, 1997).sThis intracellular lifestyle enables the pathogen to hide out from theshost immune system and is ...

Citation Context

...ding)sthat triggers the type III machinery, whereas other bacteria, such as Yersinia, usesthe detection of ion concentrations to determine whether the type III secretionsapparatus should be utilized (=-=Aldon et al., 2000-=-; Straley et al., 1993).sThe nextsobstacle in delivering effector molecules into the host is to transverse thesmembrane of the target cell.sThis may be facilitated by proteins referred to asstransloca...

Citation Context

...veral inbred mouse strains have been analyzed for their susceptibility tosinfection by B. pseudomallei.sInterestingly, there were differences in thesinfections dependent on the mouse strain infected (=-=Hoppe et al., 1999-=-).sBALB/csmice were found to be the most susceptible to B. pseudomallei infection andsdemonstrated acute melioidosis-like disease similar to what is observed in thes49 hamster model (Hoppe et al., 199...

Citation Context

...r thessecretion of very large proteins (>100 kDa) that are usually associated withsvirulence (Jacob-Dubuisson et al., 2004).sThe TPS and AT systems are veryssimilar and likely evolutionarily related (=-=Henderson et al., 2000-=-).sThesautotransporter family of proteins are modular proteins and can be divided intosthree domains, listed from N-terminus to C-terminus: the signal sequence, thespassenger domain, and the transloca...

Citation Context

...n of biofilms (Pearson et al., 2006).sHagsThe hemagglutinin protein Hag is a large autotransporter protein which resolvessat ~200 kDa using SDS-PAGE and is expressed on the surface of M. catarrhaliss(=-=Holm et al., 2003-=-).sThis protein was also identified in M. catarrhalis strain Bc5sand designated MID (Moraxella IgD-binding protein) by another group around thessame time the characterization of Hag was reported, thus...

Citation Context

...ubtractive hybridizationsusing the avirulent B. thailandensis as the base (Reckseidler et al., 2001).sAttenuation of a B. pseudomallei mutant lacking capsule in mice further supportssthis hypothesis (=-=Atkins et al., 2002-=-).sA similar defect in virulence of an acapsularsmutant in the Syrian hamster model was also observed (Reckseidler-Zenteno etsal., 2005).sFurthermore, the capsule was shown to likely be involved in se...

Citation Context

...Lsand M (Lindeberg et al., 1996; Possot et al., 1999; Possot et al., 2000).sProteinsE has been found to be associated with the inner membrane but only in thespresence of the inner membrane protein L (=-=Ball et al., 1999-=-; Possot et al., 2000;sPy et al., 1999; Sandkvist et al., 1995).sThis heterotrimer of proteins E, L, and Mshas also been suggested to form homomultimers (Py et al., 1999; Sandkvist etsal., 1999).s9 In...

Citation Context

...is strain Bc5sand designated MID (Moraxella IgD-binding protein) by another group around thessame time the characterization of Hag was reported, thus causing somesconfusion about to the nomenclature (=-=Forsgren et al., 2001-=-).sThe protein hassbeen shown to be important in the adherence of the organism to several humansepithelial cells including the A549 pneumocytes as well as primary human middlesear epithelial (HMEE) ce...

Citation Context

...) and moresrecently, it was demonstrated that the type IV pilus system, formerly consideredsits own branch of secretion, is nearly identical to the type II secretion systems10 (Economou et al., 2006; =-=Hager et al., 2006-=-), and thus will be classified as type IIssecretion here.sMost bacteria possessing type II secretion systems are considered extracellularspathogens (Sandkvist, 2001b).sThe armory of proteins secreted ...

Citation Context

...his, it performs asnumber of proposed functions including facilitating proper folding, priming thessubunit for assembly and preventing aggregation and premature interaction withsother pilus subunits (=-=Barnhart et al., 2000-=-; Kuehn et al., 1991; Sauer et al., 2002;s11 Soto et al., 1998).sThe chaperones are divided into two classes based onsspecific structural features at the interface of subunit interaction.sThe first cl...

Citation Context

...ily related (Nunn, 1999) and moresrecently, it was demonstrated that the type IV pilus system, formerly consideredsits own branch of secretion, is nearly identical to the type II secretion systems10 (=-=Economou et al., 2006-=-; Hager et al., 2006), and thus will be classified as type IIssecretion here.sMost bacteria possessing type II secretion systems are considered extracellularspathogens (Sandkvist, 2001b).sThe armory o...

Citation Context

...th host cells through inhalation or direct contact with ascutaneous lesion where it can then invade and multiply within a variety of hostscells including epithelial cells and professional phagocytes (=-=Harley et al., 1998-=-;sRibot and Ulrich, 2006).sIt is believed to do this through escape from thesendosome or phagosome to the cytosol where it can replicate.sLike B.spseudomallei, it has also been shown to be able to hij...

Citation Context

... 1998).sIt has also been suggested that chaperone moleculesssuch as Skp, LPS, and the OM antigen Omp85 might also play a role in the OMs21 insertion of the translocation domain (De Cock et al., 1999; =-=Freudl et al., 1986-=-;sVoulhoux et al., 2003).sThe final step is the secretion of the passenger domainsand maturation of the protein.sSince the insertion of the translocation unit (Cterminus) cannot take place until the e...

Citation Context

...vive well outside of a mammalian host.sBurkholderia mallei infection is as57 zoonosis and although it is believed to be able to infect all mammals, it issprimarily found in horses and other solipeds (=-=Fritz et al., 1999-=-; Ribot and Ulrich,s2006).sThis organism is responsible for the febrile disease known as glanders.sThe disease is considered endemic in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Centralsand South America (20...

Citation Context

...er of proposed functions including facilitating proper folding, priming thessubunit for assembly and preventing aggregation and premature interaction withsother pilus subunits (Barnhart et al., 2000; =-=Kuehn et al., 1991-=-; Sauer et al., 2002;s11 Soto et al., 1998).sThe chaperones are divided into two classes based onsspecific structural features at the interface of subunit interaction.sThe first class,sthe FGS chapero...

Citation Context

...f pathogenesis of most bacteria such as colonization of the host, whichsis important for extracellular pathogens, as well as binding prior to internalizationsobserved in many intracellular pathogens (=-=Boyle and Finlay, 2003-=-; Soto andsHultgren, 1999).sThe attachment of bacteria to host cells is mediated by a specific interactionsbetween the adhesin and its cognate receptor on the host cell (Hultgren et al.,s1993; Soto an...

Citation Context

...aturally occurring cases of glanders in the United States for half ascentury, several reports of the disease acquired by researchers in a laboratoryssetting have been observed (DeShazer et al., 2001; =-=Howe and Miller, 1947-=-;sSrinivasan et al., 2001).sInoculation of humans with B. mallei usually occurs via cutaneous and inhalationsroutes (Howe and Miller, 1947; Srinivasan et al., 2001).sSimilar to B.spseudomallei, the ma...

Citation Context

...of human serum (Attia et al., 2005).sFurthermore, it was suggestedsthat UspA2 confers serum resistance via its ability to bind vitronectin, which issproposed to interfere with the complement cascade (=-=Attia et al., 2006-=-).sUspA1 and UspA2HsThe ubiquitous surface protein A1 (UspA1) of M. catarrhalis is a high molecularsweight autotransporter protein shown to be important in the adherence of thesorganism.sThis protein ...

Citation Context

...nly observed insmelioidosis (Chaowagul et al., 1989; Wang et al., 2003).sOther observedsmanifestations, though less common, are genitourinary infections, suppurativesparotitis, and encephalomyelitis (=-=Currie et al., 2000-=-b; Dance et al., 1989).sIn anysone of these cases, B. pseudomallei has the opportunity to gain access to thesbloodstream, which may result in hematogeneous spread and severe septicemia.sA high mortali...

Citation Context

...cretedsacross the IM in a Sec-dependent manner and following this translocation, itsinserts into the OM.sThe transporter protein forms a pore in the OM that is madesup of 19 amphipathic beta-strands (=-=Guedin et al., 2000-=-).sThese proteinaceousspores were originally proposed to exist as monomers in the OM but somes23 evidence depicting oligomerization has been presented (Jacob-Dubuisson et al.,s1999; Surana et al., 200...

Citation Context

...s (Murphy, 1996).sThesorganism is non-motile and oxidase positive (Verduin et al., 2002).sMany M.scatarrhalis strains are resistant to beta-lactams as well as the bactericidal effectssof human serum (=-=Dagan, 2000-=-; Hol et al., 1995).sBecause it was not seriouslysconsidered as an important pathogen until relatively recently, there has been aslag in the research of M. catarrhalis; however, this gap is being clos...

Citation Context

...ent of the proteins orsnucleoproteins to be secreted by the translocase apparatus.sThey are predictedsto form a hexameric pore on the cytoplasmic side of the IM and also possesssATP-binding activity (=-=Hormaeche et al., 2002-=-).sThe coupling proteins can besassociated with both the conjugation and secretion machinery of the type IVssystems.sAlso on the cytoplasmic side of the IM are two ATPases which, alongswith the ATP-bi...

Citation Context

...ody, the most common being the respiratorystract.sIn the event of disease manifestation, exudate and mucus dropletsscontaining M. catarrhalis are produced and then released via sneezing andscoughing (=-=Klein, 2000-=-).sContact with these droplets facilitates the spread of thesorganism to a new host where it can colonize the upper respiratory tract and ifsthe conditions are permitting (e.g., naïve child or adult w...

Citation Context

...e of organism.s37 When a mutation in the uspa2 gene was constructed in a normally serumsresistant strain of M. catarrhalis, the resulting mutant strain became sensitive tosthe effects of human serum (=-=Attia et al., 2005-=-).sFurthermore, it was suggestedsthat UspA2 confers serum resistance via its ability to bind vitronectin, which issproposed to interfere with the complement cascade (Attia et al., 2006).sUspA1 and Usp...

Citation Context

...ost’s actinsmachinery and use this to invade other nearby cells (Ribot and Ulrich, 2006).sBurkholderia mallei strains have also been reported to be resistant to thes60 bactericidal activity of serum (=-=Burtnick et al., 2002-=-).sThe molecular mechanismssthat facilitate the infection of B. mallei have not been studied in great detail;showever, because of its use as a bioweapon, more focus is being directedstoward this under...

Citation Context

...ns et al., 2002,s2005).sThe bacterium is also resistant to the bactericidal activity of humanscomplement (DeShazer et al., 1998; Egan and Gordon, 1996; ReckseidlerZenteno et al., 2005) and defensins (=-=Burtnick and Woods, 1999-=-; Jones et al.,s1996, 1997).sThis intracellular lifestyle enables the pathogen to hide out from theshost immune system and is of great interest to many researchers studying B.spseudomallei.sDespite th...

Citation Context

...e efficient step (Andersen et al.,s2002; Koronakis et al., 2000).sInterestingly, ATP hydrolysis by the ABCscomponent is required for protein secretion but not for assembly of the secretionsapparatus (=-=Koronakis et al., 1993-=-; Thanabalu et al., 1998).sExamples of proteinssthat are important to bacterial pathogenesis secreted via type I secretion includeshemolysin A (HlyA) and colicin V (CvaC) of E. coli, the hemophore Has...

Citation Context

...nce in anatomy of theseustachian tube.sSpecifically, the eustacian tube of children is shorter and atsless of an angle than those of adults, making it easier for a bacterium to accesssthe middle ear (=-=Cripps et al., 2005-=-).sIn the case of adult patients, infection due tosM. catarrhalis is most often accompanying chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases(COPD) or some other underlying condition of the lower respiratory tr...

Citation Context

...e maturation at the cellssurface.sThese include proteolytic processing such with the case of FHA of B.spertussis as well as glycosylation, which is observed on proteins such as HMW1sof H. influenzae (=-=Grass et al., 2003-=-; Lambert-Buisine et al., 1998).sAnothersexample of post secretion maturation is the activation of the hemolysin ShlA ofs25 Serratia marcescens at the cell surface via its transporter ShlB (Schonherr ...

Citation Context

...such as type I and P pili which aresrod-shaped whereas the second class, the FGL chaperones, are found inschaperone-usher systems secreting non-pilus fibers such as the F1 antigen ofsYersinia pestis (=-=Hung et al., 1996-=-).sThe ultimate goal of these chaperone-subunit complexes is to interact with thespore-forming usher protein located in the OM so that the subunits can besassembled and secreted to form a mature macro...

Citation Context

...ntact with an open wound, B. pseudomalleisissultimately able to invade and survive within a variety of host cells includingsepithelial cells and phagocytic cells, such as macrophages and neutrophilss(=-=Brown et al., 2002-=-; White, 2003).sFollowing internalization of the bacterium, itshas been proposed that B. pseudomallei is able to escape thesendocytic/phagocytic vacuoles, allowing it to replicate intracellularly, as ...

Citation Context

...wersrespiratory infections in COPD patients (Unhanand et al., 1992).sIt has beensused to determine the efficacy of clearance in several immunization studiess(Chen et al., 1996; Helminen et al., 1993; =-=Jiao et al., 2002-=-; Murphy et al., 1998).sThis model often uses bacteria inoculated intratracheally, which is notsrepresentative of a natural route of infection.sTo remedy this, others havesattempted to use an intranas...

Citation Context

...ion as toswhether it can function as a virulence factor, however, it has been suggested thatsalthough the antigenicity may be similar, the in vivo functions of these LPSsmolecules may differ greatly (=-=Anuntagool et al., 1998-=-; Wiersinga et al., 2006).sType IV PilisAlthough much less studied in B. pseudomallei compared to M. catarrhalis,sadherence is an important step in pathogenesis of intracellular, as well assextracellu...

Citation Context

...se colonizations are associated with otitis media presentationsbut are not predictive of it.sPersistent pain of the ear and upper respiratory symptoms are the most commonsindications of otitis media (=-=Faden et al., 1998-=-).sOther symptoms include fever,snausea, vomiting, hearing loss, and diarrhea (Beers, 1999).sUpon examination,sthe tympanic membrane of the ear is often reddened, thick and bulging and maysalso produc...

Citation Context

...he OM.sThe energy required to drive this process is believedsto come from the mature exoprotein folding at the surface of the bacteria andspulling the remainder of its extended form through the pore (=-=Guedin et al., 1998-=-).sThe exact orientation that the exoprotein is in during this final translocation maysvary depending on the system observed.sIn the original model, the N-terminalsTPS domain was believed to interact ...

Citation Context

...nly observed insmelioidosis (Chaowagul et al., 1989; Wang et al., 2003).sOther observedsmanifestations, though less common, are genitourinary infections, suppurativesparotitis, and encephalomyelitis (=-=Currie et al., 2000-=-b; Dance et al., 1989).sIn anysone of these cases, B. pseudomallei has the opportunity to gain access to thesbloodstream, which may result in hematogeneous spread and severe septicemia.sA high mortali...

Citation Context

...dosis (Chaowagul et al., 1989; Wang et al., 2003).sOther observedsmanifestations, though less common, are genitourinary infections, suppurativesparotitis, and encephalomyelitis (Currie et al., 2000b; =-=Dance et al., 1989-=-).sIn anysone of these cases, B. pseudomallei has the opportunity to gain access to thesbloodstream, which may result in hematogeneous spread and severe septicemia.sA high mortality rate for melioidos...

Citation Context

...cellssurface.sThese include proteolytic processing such with the case of FHA of B.spertussis as well as glycosylation, which is observed on proteins such as HMW1sof H. influenzae (Grass et al., 2003; =-=Lambert-Buisine et al., 1998-=-).sAnothersexample of post secretion maturation is the activation of the hemolysin ShlA ofs25 Serratia marcescens at the cell surface via its transporter ShlB (Schonherr et al.,s1993).sSecretion via a...

Citation Context

...lencesmechanisms of B. pseudomallei and what exactly is causing the disease (Chengsand Currie, 2005).sA DNA-based vaccine encoding the flagellin gene fliC hassalso been tested with promising results (=-=Chen et al., 2006-=-).sThe capsule andsLPS molecules have also been of interest as vaccine candidates and havesdemonstrated partial protection in BALB/c mice (Nelson et al., 2004).sThesidentification of vaccine targets i...

Citation Context

...shown to be stabilized by the S protein inssome systems (Hardie et al., 1996; Shevchik et al., 1997).sThe OM protein Bsand the inner membrane protein N have been suggested to interact with proteinsD (=-=Condemine, 2000-=-; Lee et al., 2000).sThe C protein was shown to cross-linkswith both the inner and outer membranes consistent with the proposedsinteractions with the OM protein D and the integral inner membrane prote...

Citation Context

... of the aerosolizedspathogen is the most common manifestation of melliodiosis, occurring in aboutshalf of the cases, and can vary in intensity from acute to chronic infection (Chengsand Currie, 2005; =-=Currie and Jacups, 2003-=-).sAbscesses formed in the area ofscutaneous inoculation and soft tissue infections are also commonly observed insmelioidosis (Chaowagul et al., 1989; Wang et al., 2003).sOther observedsmanifestations...

Citation Context

...suse of B. pseudomallei as a bioweapon.s56 Burkholderia malleisCharacteristicssBurkholderia mallei, like B. pseudomallei, is an aerobic, encapsulated, Gramnegative bacillus which is oxidase positive (=-=Brown, 2002-=-; Ribot and Ulrich, 2006).sHowever, unlike B. pseudomallei, it is non-motile.sIt is a host-adapted pathogensthat primarily infects solipeds, which includes horses, mules, and donkeys,salthough it can ...