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... the white population in the 506 SEA of the contiguous United Statessduring the 20-year period 1950-69. The SEA arescombinations of adjacent counties with similar demographic and economic composition =-=(4)-=-. A direct standardization was employed, as used for the calculationsof age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. counties (1).sThe percentile distributions of the rates were thensplotted in computer-gene...

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... in the ethnic patterns of renal cancer, in view ofsthe shifting risk among migrant populations and thessparse evidence for genetic determinants, except inschildren with Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) =-=(2, 12,s13)-=-.sAn urban gradient in kidney cancer has been previously reported (8, 14). Our data indicate that thisseffect may be 1imited to males, perhaps related to thesgreater percentage of cigarette smokers re...

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...reater percentage of cigarette smokers reported amongscity dwellers (15). Smoking has been implicated, but ascausal relationship seems firmly established only forstumors arising from the renal pelvis =-=(2, 16, 17)-=-, whichsaccount for a small proportion of renal cancers. Thesmortality patterns suggest that occupational factors aresnot involved in the urban excess among males, thoughskidney cancer, including aden...

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... niversity on Septem ber 12, 2016 http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from 364 Blot and FraumenlsTEXT-FIGURE I.-Kidney cancer mortality among white males, 1950-69.sthrough parts of the North =-=(6)-=-, but the pattern was notsclear-cut. For the relatively uncommon cancers (e.g.,srenal), the county populations may be too small tosuncover distinct geographic patterns. When the rates forskidney cance...

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...sponsible, but the considerably higher incidence ratessfor renal cancer in both males and females in Minneapolis-St. Paul than in any other region reported insthe Third National Cancer Survey 1960-71 =-=(7)-=- suggeststhat the regional excess in mortality is real and reflectssincidence patterns. Furthermore, the highest reportedsincidence of kidney cancer in Canada is in the Provinces of Manitoba and Saska...

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...366 Blot and Fraumenlssector) are those from which most Russian-Americanssemigrated (9). In addition, an elevated kidney cancersrisk has been reported among Jews, many of whom aresof Russian ancestry =-=(2, 10, 11)-=-. It seems 1ikely thatsnutritional (2) and other environmental factors play asrole in the ethnic patterns of renal cancer, in view ofsthe shifting risk among migrant populations and thessparse evidenc...

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...366 Blot and Fraumenlssector) are those from which most Russian-Americanssemigrated (9). In addition, an elevated kidney cancersrisk has been reported among Jews, many of whom aresof Russian ancestry =-=(2, 10, 11)-=-. It seems 1ikely thatsnutritional (2) and other environmental factors play asrole in the ethnic patterns of renal cancer, in view ofsthe shifting risk among migrant populations and thessparse evidenc...

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...igrant populations and thessparse evidence for genetic determinants, except inschildren with Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma) (2, 12,s13).sAn urban gradient in kidney cancer has been previously reported =-=(8, 14)-=-. Our data indicate that thisseffect may be 1imited to males, perhaps related to thesgreater percentage of cigarette smokers reported amongscity dwellers (15). Smoking has been implicated, but ascausa...

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...e thensplotted in computer-generated SEA maps for the whitesmale and female populations in the United States.sWe next applied weighted multiple regression techniques, as described in detail elsewhere =-=(5)-=-, to estimatesand test for the influences of demographic, socioeconomic, ethnic, and industrial indices upon the SEAsmortality rates. These included the following continuous variables: percent urban, ...

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...reater percentage of cigarette smokers reported amongscity dwellers (15). Smoking has been implicated, but ascausal relationship seems firmly established only forstumors arising from the renal pelvis =-=(2, 16, 17)-=-, whichsaccount for a small proportion of renal cancers. Thesmortality patterns suggest that occupational factors aresnot involved in the urban excess among males, thoughskidney cancer, including aden...

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...ations of adjacent counties with similar demographic and economic composition (4). A direct standardization was employed, as used for the calculationsof age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. counties =-=(1)-=-.sThe percentile distributions of the rates were thensplotted in computer-generated SEA maps for the whitesmale and female populations in the United States.sWe next applied weighted multiple regressio...

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...366 Blot and Fraumenlssector) are those from which most Russian-Americanssemigrated (9). In addition, an elevated kidney cancersrisk has been reported among Jews, many of whom aresof Russian ancestry =-=(2, 10, 11)-=-. It seems 1ikely thatsnutritional (2) and other environmental factors play asrole in the ethnic patterns of renal cancer, in view ofsthe shifting risk among migrant populations and thessparse evidenc...

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...cidence patterns. Furthermore, the highest reportedsincidence of kidney cancer in Canada is in the Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, which border thesregion of highest risk in the United States =-=(8)-=-.sThe regression analyses suggested that the geographic variation was related, particularly in females,sto ethnic susceptibility. The high-rate areas tended toshave higher concentrations of residents ...

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...UST 1979sat Pennsylvania State U niversity on Septem ber 12, 2016 http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from 366 Blot and Fraumenlssector) are those from which most Russian-Americanssemigrated =-=(9)-=-. In addition, an elevated kidney cancersrisk has been reported among Jews, many of whom aresof Russian ancestry (2, 10, 11). It seems 1ikely thatsnutritional (2) and other environmental factors play ...