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... of Late Medieval Christianity was the sacrament of penance. Both in church law, in daily religious practice and in theologicalsdiscourse the occupation with individual sin and forgiveness hads1) See =-=Camporesi 1990-=-. Th is book concentrates on developments in CatholicsEurope. 368 T. Rasmussen / Numen 56 (2009) 366–384 evidently increased since the twelfth century, and the sacrament of penance was the primary pla...

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... things. Th ey do not belong to the revelation of the Bible, but are rather questions to which the old sayingsapplies: Quae supra nos, nihil ad nos — “What lies above us is none ofsour business” (see =-=Jüngel 1980-=-). Th e Dualism of temptatio and consolatio in the Late MedievalsIllustrated Ars moriendi Th e new function of hell in Protestant theology and religious life is asvast topic, and apart from general ov...

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...ly manifold image of sin; third, thesunbearable and unavoidable image of hell and eternal damnation. Every other evilsissues from these three and grows large and strong as a result of such mingling.s(=-=Luther 1969-=-:101)15 Th e most important characteristic of the sacraments is, according tosLuther, that they can be trusted: I show them (= the Sacraments) due honor when I believe that I truly receive whatsthe sa...

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...e of the Protestants. Th e dualism of heaven and hellsof the Gospels was restored, and the involvement of the church withs5) For the general changes in the conceptions of hell in the Middle Ages, see =-=Rasmussen 1986-=-.sT. Rasmussen / Numen 56 (2009) 366–384 373 the details of the afterlife was abolished. Th rough this rearrangement ofsthe topography of life after death, hell gained a new importance —sthough not in...