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.... 2004). 2.5.6 Refactoring and Modularization A long-standing technique for improving an existing design is diligent restructuring through local code transformations, commonly knows as “Refactoring” (=-=Fowler 1999-=-). Dependency analysis solutions provide support for predicting the Return on Investment (ROI) for possible design restructuring (Leitch and Stroulia 2003). It is often hard for practitioners decide a...

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...ferent, these approaches share two main underlying characteristics. First, the identification and description of dependencies is bases on the Program Dependency Graph(PDG) (Podgurski and Clarke 1990, =-=Ferrante et al. 1987-=-). PDG is a classic dependency model to identify data and control dependencies between program statement elements (variables, operators, and operands). Second, the identified relationships or 2.6. Exi...

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...re, some authors choose more high-level definitions and look at dependencies as interactions between different managed objects or components which are only observable from outside of the application (=-=Allen and Garlan 1997-=-, Keller et al. 2000). These dependencies can even run between elements that are not part of the same system. This is especially the case when trying to identify so-called operational dependencies as ...

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...retation, and use of an architectural view. One of the most popular examples of viewpoints are the logical, process, development, and physical viewpoints (also known as the 4+1) proposed by Kruchten (=-=Kruchten 1995-=-). As part of our research project (van de Laar et al. 2007), we investigate how to improve the evolvability (i.e., the ability to respond effectively to change) of softwareintensive systems studying ...

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...lips MRI scanner and similar software-intensive systems. Execution scenarios. A scenario is a brief narrative of expected or anticipated use of a system from both development and end-user viewpoints (=-=Kazman et al. 1996-=-). Scenarios can be described with use cases, which are frequently used to support the specification of system usage, to facilitate design and analysis, and to verify and test the system functionality...

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... an Emerging Discipline (Shaw and Garlan 1996) brought forward the concepts in software architecture such as components, connectors, styles and so on. In 2000, the book Applied Software Architecture (=-=Hofmeister et al. 2000-=-) presented a study of software architecture in industry. This study became a practical guide to designing, describing, and applying software architecture. In 2003, the second edition of the book Soft...

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...mentally. In this context, software architecture is an ideal support for incremental development processes. Software architecture can expose the dimensions along which a system is expected to evolve (=-=Garlan and Perry 1995-=-), mainly as the bridge between requirements and design that performs the tradeoffs necessary to satisfy the demands of both. Figure 1.4 illustrates an overview of the evolution of the Philips MRI sca...

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...50 software engineers 1.3 Evolvability of Software-Intensive Systems Software systems used in a real-world environment must necessarily change or become progressively less useful in that environment (=-=Lehman 1996-=-). This statement also applies for software-intensive systems like the Philips MRI scanner. An MRI scanner is used in a real-world environment and must change constantly to respond to new requirements...

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...methods use as an input resource usage information from design models and specifications (Balsamo et al. 2004, Muskens and Chaudron 2004) while others use actual measurements from an existing system (=-=Devarakonda and Iyer 1989-=-, Wood et al. 2008). As part of our research on the evolvability of large software-intensive systems (van de Laar et al. 2007), we examined the adoption of each type. On the one hand, we observed that...

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...nd evaluate solutions in an almost indivisible research activity. The inspiration for an Industry-as-Laboratory approach is the mutual need between software engineering researchers and practitioners (=-=Basili 1996-=-): ”while the software engineering researcher tries to understand the nature of processes and methods to develop systems, the practitioners build improved systems with this knowledge”. The one cannot ...

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...es, control dependencies, stamp dependencies and data dependencies (also called data flow dependencies) (Stevens et al. 1974, Podgurski and Clarke 1990, Stafford and Wolf 1998, Allen and Garlan 1997, =-=Myers 1975-=-, Balmas et al. 2005). Although most structural dependencies can be found by inspecting the source code (i.e. static analysis of the source code), structural dependencies also exist on the level of mo...

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... the inter-relationships between the different artifacts. These inter-relationships are called traceability dependencies and they characterize the dependencies between requirements, design, and code (=-=Gotel and Finkelstein 1994-=-, Watkins and Neal 1994, Egyed 2003). Traceability dependencies are different from the other two types of dependencies in that they do not represent dependencies between the same type of elements, i.e...

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...ssette and Walker 2007, Dong and Godfrey 2007, Eisenbarth et al. 2001, Hassan and Holt 2004, Ishio et al. 2004, Jasz et al. 2008, Korel et al. 2002) ISCC: Intl. Conf. on Computers and Communications (=-=Keller et al. 2000-=-) MODELS: Intl. Conf. on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (Garousi et al. 2006) Continued on Next Page. . . 30 2. A Systematic Review of Dependency Analysis Solutions Table 2.2 – Continu...

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...e up the system is limited or not reliable. This is true even for well-structured systems that minimize but do not eliminate the interconnections among system objects that lead to unexpected effects (=-=Moriconi and Winkler 1990-=-) and dependencies. Some of the methods and techniques to increase the understanding of software systems are especially geared to conduct dependency analysis. Dependency analysis concerns making depen...

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... monitored with tools like Process Monitor in the Microsoft Windows platform (Microsoft Corporation 2010b). Other tools are also available to monitor process activity in the Linux and Unix platforms (=-=Gavin 1998-=-). Runtime measurements are available in semi-standardized formats independently of the implementation technologies. Runtime measurements can provide information about activity of non-system-specific ...

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...intenance and evolution becomes expensive and unpredictable. For instance, one of the major challenges in software maintenance is the need to determine the effects of modifications made to a program (=-=Loyall and Mathisen 1993-=-). The overall cost of a small change (affecting only a handful of lines of code) can already be extremely high, especially when the information about the interconnections between the components that ...