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...rj ou rn al s. an nu al re vi ew s. or g by H A R V A R D U N IV E R SI T Y o n 04 /1 8/ 07 . F or p er so na l u se o nl y. 23 Nov 2005 15:0 AR ANRV264-PS57-04.tex XMLPublishSM(2004/02/24) P1: OKZ THEORY AND NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF REWARD 103 striatum), amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, and supplementary eye field (Amador et al. 2000, Apicella et al. 1992, Cromwell & Schultz 2003, Hikosaka et al. 1989, Hollerman et al. 1998, Pratt & Mizumori 2001, Schoenbaum et al. 1998, Schultz et al. 1992, Shidara & Richmond 2002, Tremblay & Schultz 1999, 2000a, Watanabe 1996, Watanabe et al. 2002). Reward expectation-related activity in orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala develops as the reward becomes predictable during learning (Schoenbaum et al. 1999). In learning episodes with pre-existing reward expectations, orbitofrontal and striatal activations occur initially in all situations but adapt to the currently valid expectations, for example when novel stimuli come to indicate rewarded versus unrewarded trials. The neural changes occur in parallel with the animal’s behavioral differentiation (Tremblay et al. 1998, Tremblay & Schultz 2000b). In some neurons, the d...