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...talytic properties of titanium dioxide The interest in nano-TiO2 started with the discovery of its catalytic properties induced by UV radiation, in the beginning of the 1970s of the twentieth century =-=[65]-=- - and it is still growing [12,66,67]. There is already a lot of literature data presenting the mechanism of the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy and on the possibilities of increasing ...

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...ogeneous (e.g. O3/UV) and heterogeneous (e.g. TiO2/UV), in case when the catalyst is located in the same and in the other thermodynamic phase, respectively, as the substrates and products of reaction =-=[33,68,69]-=-. The catalytic properties of semiconductors, e.g. of TiO2, can be explained by their electron structure. They have a valence band (VB) full with electrons and an electron-free conduction band (CB). T...

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...dioxide The interest in nano-TiO2 started with the discovery of its catalytic properties induced by UV radiation, in the beginning of the 1970s of the twentieth century [65] - and it is still growing =-=[12,66,67]-=-. There is already a lot of literature data presenting the mechanism of the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy and on the possibilities of increasing the photocatalysis efficiency, both h...

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...rs in a higher concentration in benthic sediments than in water. The conclusions are based on the water ecosystems studies with regard to their pollution by nanosized metal oxides. Mueller and Nowack =-=[60]-=- were the first to determine the quantitative risk for water animals coming from the presence of nano-TiO2 in their environment. By comparing the predicted effect concentration (PEC) of nano-TiO2 in v...

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...dies available that would handle the issue of natural environment infiltration by nano-TiO2, its accumulation in water and soil, and its impact on organisms living in those miscellaneous environments =-=[52]-=-. According to the report by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [53], TiO2 is freed to the atmosphere, surface waters and soil, Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 1...

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...n health, as well as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [77,78] which are present in air and wastewater. Oxidized organic compounds are often onerous and hard to remove from air [79], water =-=[80]-=- and solid surfaces (e.g. windows, building exteriors and machines) [75], whereby inactivated microorganisms are frequently pathogens which are dangerous for humans and animals [81]. Due to photocatal...

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...ist in keeping clean various textile materials, such as garment, bed sheets and carpets [21,22]. Increasingly frequent are the opinions that NMs are very soon going to play a crucial role in medicine =-=[23]-=- as well as in a number of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry [24] and food processing [25], as weapons to destroy cancer cells and fight pathogens, as carriers of drugs in organisms or...

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... superhydrophilic properties; the d s ydr Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 10:57 Page 5 of 10[33] or deodorizing [20] properties but, more importantly, they also have self-disinfecting =-=[88,89]-=- and self-cleaning abilities [13,66]. Examples of TiO2/UV photocatalysis application in bacteria eradication The majority of bacteria examined in vitro are common also in the natural environment, i.e....

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... application, i.e. in decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOC) [79], as well as in inactivation of microorganisms [99] present in building interiors of houses, offices or manufacturing sites =-=[109]-=-. Bioaerosols are nowadays the main air pollutant in rooms [98]. Many bacteria have been identified as infectious agents disseminated through ventilation systems. Among them, there are pathogens causi...

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...ances the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, a phenomenon that may result in DNA damages and mutations and consequently induce the development of cancer diseases. Dunford et al. =-=[48]-=- and Subrahmanyam et al. [49] share that opinion. In view of those findings, a question as to the safety of products containing nano-TiO2 must be thoroughly answered [50]. In line with the Regulation ...

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...nd reproduction roperly credited. Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 10:57 Page 2 of 10can also assist in keeping clean various textile materials, such as garment, bed sheets and carpets =-=[21,22]-=-. Increasingly frequent are the opinions that NMs are very soon going to play a crucial role in medicine [23] as well as in a number of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry [24] and food ...

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...ompound might be toxic in the NP form, though. There are studies proving that NPs of many other metal oxides, such as ZnO or MgO, are more harmful to people and animals than MPs of the same compounds =-=[45]-=-. One of the main differences between micro-TiO2 and nano-TiO2 is a much bigger active surface of nano-TiO2, a feature resulting in a higher absorption rate of UV and a greater photocatalytic activity...

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...otocatalytic surfaces, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide anion radicals (•O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), not only inactivate but also oxidize bacteria, yeasts and moulds to CO2 and H2O =-=[18,19,74,75]-=-, similarly as molecules of nearly all organic compounds [11,76] (Figure 1). Among the mineralized compounds, there are hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds [33,69] which...

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...-776 Warsaw, Polandparticles (NPs) (1 < φ ≤ 100 nm), significantly alter their properties, i.e. they exhibit increased hardness, tensile strength, plasticity [1], higher resistance to chemical agents =-=[2]-=-, greater hydrophilicity [3] or (photo)catalytic properties [4]. Materials powdered to NPs, called nanomaterials (NMs), have found many applications, e.g. in the production of cosmetics [5], including...

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...arpets [21,22]. Increasingly frequent are the opinions that NMs are very soon going to play a crucial role in medicine [23] as well as in a number of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry =-=[24]-=- and food processing [25], as weapons to destroy cancer cells and fight pathogens, as carriers of drugs in organisms or as agents modifying organoleptic parameters of food. It is assumed that the intr...

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...e metals, e.g. titanium dioxide (TiO2), powdered to NPs [26-32]. Its undeniable attributes are low production costs, insolubility in most of the reaction environments and high photochemical stability =-=[33]-=-. This oxide exists in three polymorphic forms: anatase, brookite and rutile, whereby only two of them, anatase and rutile, are widely used to obtain NMs [34]. The number and variety of goods on the m...

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... displaying identical properties can also be found in animals, for example, the chitin armour of some insects, such as Stenocara gracilipes [86]. This phenomenon is referred to as superhydrophobicity =-=[87]-=- (Figure 3). species (ROS) generation on the surface of titanium dioxide microorganisms (b). On the surface of the nano-TiO2 particles, ability to inactivate microorganisms and to oxidize organic matt...

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...f TiO2 toxicity has been a research subject in many research centres around the world for many years. It is assumed that the microsized titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) is harmless to people and animals =-=[36,44]-=-. As the dynamic development of nanotechnology goes on, however, there has been an increased concern thatthis compound might be toxic in the NP form, though. There are studies proving that NPs of many...

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...hereby only two of them, anatase and rutile, are widely used to obtain NMs [34]. The number and variety of goods on the market that contain nanosized metal oxides, particularly nano-TiO2, are immense =-=[35]-=-. Therefore, the level of human exposure to their effects is varied. The omnipresence of nano-TiO2 in the human environment may evoke justified concerns as to the potential impact of its catalytic pro...

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...onnes in 2013. Its application as a white pigment is quite varied. This compound is applied in the production of paints [40], plastics [41], sunscreen cosmetics [42] and foods (i.e. as pigment E-171) =-=[43]-=-. The issue of TiO2 toxicity has been a research subject in many research centres around the world for many years. It is assumed that the microsized titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) is harmless to people...

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...gly frequent are the opinions that NMs are very soon going to play a crucial role in medicine [23] as well as in a number of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry [24] and food processing =-=[25]-=-, as weapons to destroy cancer cells and fight pathogens, as carriers of drugs in organisms or as agents modifying organoleptic parameters of food. It is assumed that the introduction of NMs in food i...

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...ogeneous (e.g. O3/UV) and heterogeneous (e.g. TiO2/UV), in case when the catalyst is located in the same and in the other thermodynamic phase, respectively, as the substrates and products of reaction =-=[33,68,69]-=-. The catalytic properties of semiconductors, e.g. of TiO2, can be explained by their electron structure. They have a valence band (VB) full with electrons and an electron-free conduction band (CB). T...

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...dients of photocatalytic coatings applied on various work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), the inactivation of microorganisms =-=[8,9]-=- and the mineralization of organic matter [10,11] have been observed. It is a result of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), initiated by ultra-dioxide practical applicat physicochemical properti Janu...

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...hite colour - amounted to 6.2 million tonnes in 2013. Its application as a white pigment is quite varied. This compound is applied in the production of paints [40], plastics [41], sunscreen cosmetics =-=[42]-=- and foods (i.e. as pigment E-171) [43]. The issue of TiO2 toxicity has been a research subject in many research centres around the world for many years. It is assumed that the microsized titanium dio...

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...on radicals (•O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), not only inactivate but also oxidize bacteria, yeasts and moulds to CO2 and H2O [18,19,74,75], similarly as molecules of nearly all organic compounds =-=[11,76]-=- (Figure 1). Among the mineralized compounds, there are hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds [33,69] which are dangerous to human health, as well as dioxins and polychlor...

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...umans and animals [81]. Due to photocatalytic properties, TiO2 is applied, after powdering to NPs, in AOPs and UV radiation-based methods for pathogen inactivation and organic pollutant decomposition =-=[82]-=-. Superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity of titanium dioxide Apart from photocatalytic properties, another unique feature of nano-TiO2 is strong hydrophilicity, induced by UV radiation, and calle...

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...rious work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), the inactivation of microorganisms [8,9] and the mineralization of organic matter =-=[10,11]-=- have been observed. It is a result of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), initiated by ultra-dioxide practical applicat physicochemical properti Janusz Bogdan*, Agnieszka Jackowska-Tracz, Joanna Zar...

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...nd reproduction roperly credited. Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 10:57 Page 2 of 10can also assist in keeping clean various textile materials, such as garment, bed sheets and carpets =-=[21,22]-=-. Increasingly frequent are the opinions that NMs are very soon going to play a crucial role in medicine [23] as well as in a number of industries, including the pharmaceutical industry [24] and food ...

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... [46]. The 2B group assembles compounds that might be carcinogenic for humans (to compare: in the same group, there are also chloroform, nitrobenzene, fumonisins B1 or ochratoxins A). Yamamoto et al. =-=[47]-=- suggest that the nano-TiO2 present in sunscreen cosmetics (with UV filter) enhances the creation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, a phenomenon that may result in DNA damages and mutati...

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...ch as Anodonta anatina, Heloecius cordiformis and Limanda limanda), is non-existent (PEC/PNEC ≤ 1) or at most barely present (1 < PEC/PNEC ≤ 10). Having conducted their own studies, Gottschalk et al. =-=[61]-=- reached similar conclusions with respect to soil fauna, i.e. soil purity bioindicators (such as Lumbricus terrestris and Orchesella cincta). Effective immobilization of nano-TiO2 on surfaces covered ...

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...ano-TiO2 on surfaces covered by photocatalytic films remains a crucial problem. The application of nano-TiO2 onto surfaces by means of magnetron sputtering deposition [62], chemical vapour deposition =-=[63]-=- or sol-gel deposition [64] results in an inseparably base-fixed, resistant to mechanical factors, thin layer of photocatalyst. The application of those technologies allows to significantly reduce the...

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...implants [143,144]. High bactericidal efficiency of the TiO2/UV process was also reported in orthopaedics and cosmetic surgery in the case of S. aureus on implants coated by a thin layer of nano-TiO2 =-=[94]-=-. It seems, therefore, photocatalytic processes can present a valuable method to reduce bacterial infections resulting from the application of implants in medicine. Conclusions Nanotechnology allows m...

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...rties of nano-TiO2 exhibited in the presence of UV radiation give rise to its application, i.e. in decomposition of volatile organic compounds (VOC) [79], as well as in inactivation of microorganisms =-=[99]-=- present in building interiors of houses, offices or manufacturing sites [109]. Bioaerosols are nowadays the main air pollutant in rooms [98]. Many bacteria have been identified as infectious agents d...

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...layer of nano-TiO2, the application of the TiO2/UV process in the treatment of much polluted wastewater, i.e. in the treatment of water coming from resin plants, paper mills, dye-works and refineries =-=[100,103]-=-, is being discussed, as well as its application in the decomposition of toxins released to water by cyanobacteria [126]. The TiO2/UV process can also be rendered useful in hospitals as a tool to cont...

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...e been focused on the aspect of using the photocatalysis phenomenon in eradication of pathogenic microorganisms in ventilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems =-=[104,105]-=- and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres [15,16,106] or in food processing plants [107,108]. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of m...

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...tries - e.g. titanium white (TiO2) and zinc white (ZnO) applied in the manufacturing of paints and varnishes, refractory magnesia (MgO) added to cement, or silica (SiO ) applied in the fabrication of =-=[6]-=-, fabrication of ceramics [7] and ingredients of photocatalytic coatings applied on various work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO...

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...e manufacturing of concrete blocks, plasters, windows and ceramic tiles) [13] or road transport (i.e. in the production of asphalt and road signs) [14]. Due to their antibacterial [15-17], antifungal =-=[18,19]-=- and deodorizing [20] properties, photocatalytic films are more and more frequently applied to coat surfaces of sanitary products, laboratory tables, air filters, as well as in hospital rooms, canteen...

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...f TiO2 toxicity has been a research subject in many research centres around the world for many years. It is assumed that the microsized titanium dioxide (micro-TiO2) is harmless to people and animals =-=[36,44]-=-. As the dynamic development of nanotechnology goes on, however, there has been an increased concern thatthis compound might be toxic in the NP form, though. There are studies proving that NPs of many...

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...It might be attributed to the ineffective inactivation of pathogens in water treatment and water distribution systems and common disinfectants, such as chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine or ozone =-=[73]-=-. Moreover, some pathogenic microorganisms, such as Legionella pneumophila, show limited susceptibility to traditional disinfectants like chlorine [120]. Conventional water treatment methods generate ...

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...rous to human health, as well as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [77,78] which are present in air and wastewater. Oxidized organic compounds are often onerous and hard to remove from air =-=[79]-=-, water [80] and solid surfaces (e.g. windows, building exteriors and machines) [75], whereby inactivated microorganisms are frequently pathogens which are dangerous for humans and animals [81]. Due t...

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...ct angle (α) on control surface (a) and s exposed to UV radiation. The surface covered by a thin layer of nano-TiO2 contact angle is an acute angle, 0° < α < 90° (b).manufacturing of fog-free mirrors =-=[84]-=- or self-cleaning windows [66]. It is not the only example of the practical application of the nano-TiO2 strong hydrophilicity. Thanks to its superhydrophilicity, nano-TiO2 is also widely used in prod...

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...dients of photocatalytic coatings applied on various work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), the inactivation of microorganisms =-=[8,9]-=- and the mineralization of organic matter [10,11] have been observed. It is a result of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), initiated by ultra-dioxide practical applicat physicochemical properti Janu...

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...ication of pathogenic microorganisms in ventilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems [104,105] and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres =-=[15,16,106]-=- or in food processing plants [107,108]. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of microorganism inactivation and degradation of toxic compounds to human and ani...

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...dioxide The interest in nano-TiO2 started with the discovery of its catalytic properties induced by UV radiation, in the beginning of the 1970s of the twentieth century [65] - and it is still growing =-=[12,66,67]-=-. There is already a lot of literature data presenting the mechanism of the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy and on the possibilities of increasing the photocatalysis efficiency, both h...

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...ve for work tools and harmless to the environment. Some NMs, e.g. nano-TiO2, fulfil those requirements and can, therefore, be used in both water treatment [105,123] and disinfection of solid surfaces =-=[71,124,125]-=-. Already in the beginning of the 1980s in the twentieth century, Heller et al. [68] reported that a small amount of catalytically active TiO2 powder added to wastewater exposed to solar light purifie...

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...is used, mainly in the near-ultraviolet range (UV-A, λ = 315 to 400 nm) [70-73], and to a lesser extent, the UV radiation with a wavelength in the indirect ultraviolet range (UV-B, λ = 280 to 315 nm) =-=[70,72]-=-. The application of far ultraviolet (UV-C, λ = 100 to 280 nm) as an agent initiating AOPs poses a serious danger to human health [72]. As a result of the semiconductor excitation, an electron (e−) ex...

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...ered by a thin nano-TiO2 layer. In this pioneering experiment, the air was completely free from microorganisms, and bacteria cells were entirely mineralized within a 5-h period of the TiO2/UV process =-=[97]-=-. Later experiments were able to reduce this period down to less than 3 min [98]. Photocatalytic processes, including the TiO2/UV process, are also an efficient tool in the eradication of bacteria spo...

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...fe Sciences - SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Polandparticles (NPs) (1 < φ ≤ 100 nm), significantly alter their properties, i.e. they exhibit increased hardness, tensile strength, plasticity =-=[1]-=-, higher resistance to chemical agents [2], greater hydrophilicity [3] or (photo)catalytic properties [4]. Materials powdered to NPs, called nanomaterials (NMs), have found many applications, e.g. in ...

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... (NPs) (1 < φ ≤ 100 nm), significantly alter their properties, i.e. they exhibit increased hardness, tensile strength, plasticity [1], higher resistance to chemical agents [2], greater hydrophilicity =-=[3]-=- or (photo)catalytic properties [4]. Materials powdered to NPs, called nanomaterials (NMs), have found many applications, e.g. in the production of cosmetics [5], including sunscreens referred to as s...

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...tly alter their properties, i.e. they exhibit increased hardness, tensile strength, plasticity [1], higher resistance to chemical agents [2], greater hydrophilicity [3] or (photo)catalytic properties =-=[4]-=-. Materials powdered to NPs, called nanomaterials (NMs), have found many applications, e.g. in the production of cosmetics [5], including sunscreens referred to as self-disinfecting and self-cleaning ...

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...cal agents [2], greater hydrophilicity [3] or (photo)catalytic properties [4]. Materials powdered to NPs, called nanomaterials (NMs), have found many applications, e.g. in the production of cosmetics =-=[5]-=-, including sunscreens referred to as self-disinfecting and self-cleaning surfaces, are applied in many fields of industry, such as the building sector (i.e. in the manufacturing of concrete blocks, p...

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...TiO2) and zinc white (ZnO) applied in the manufacturing of paints and varnishes, refractory magnesia (MgO) added to cement, or silica (SiO ) applied in the fabrication of [6], fabrication of ceramics =-=[7]-=- and ingredients of photocatalytic coatings applied on various work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), the inactivation of micro...

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...rious work surfaces [4]. On surfaces with a thin layer of photocatalyst, i.e. nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), the inactivation of microorganisms [8,9] and the mineralization of organic matter =-=[10,11]-=- have been observed. It is a result of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), initiated by ultra-dioxide practical applicat physicochemical properti Janusz Bogdan*, Agnieszka Jackowska-Tracz, Joanna Zar...

Citation Context

...ication of pathogenic microorganisms in ventilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems [104,105] and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres =-=[15,16,106]-=- or in food processing plants [107,108]. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of microorganism inactivation and degradation of toxic compounds to human and ani...

Citation Context

...e manufacturing of concrete blocks, plasters, windows and ceramic tiles) [13] or road transport (i.e. in the production of asphalt and road signs) [14]. Due to their antibacterial [15-17], antifungal =-=[18,19]-=- and deodorizing [20] properties, photocatalytic films are more and more frequently applied to coat surfaces of sanitary products, laboratory tables, air filters, as well as in hospital rooms, canteen...

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...ete blocks, plasters, windows and ceramic tiles) [13] or road transport (i.e. in the production of asphalt and road signs) [14]. Due to their antibacterial [15-17], antifungal [18,19] and deodorizing =-=[20]-=- properties, photocatalytic films are more and more frequently applied to coat surfaces of sanitary products, laboratory tables, air filters, as well as in hospital rooms, canteens, production halls a...

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...be thoroughly answered [50]. In line with the Regulation (WE) 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council [51], the maximum allowed amount of TiO2 in toiletries may not exceed 25%. As Hansen =-=[37]-=- calculated, the consumers' exposure to nano-TiO2 in face moisturizer creams, body care lotions or antiperspirants amounts annually to 26, 15 and 44 μg kg−1 body weight, respectively. A number of cosm...

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...c powder with a pristine white colour - amounted to 6.2 million tonnes in 2013. Its application as a white pigment is quite varied. This compound is applied in the production of paints [40], plastics =-=[41]-=-, sunscreen cosmetics [42] and foods (i.e. as pigment E-171) [43]. The issue of TiO2 toxicity has been a research subject in many research centres around the world for many years. It is assumed that t...

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...e oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, a phenomenon that may result in DNA damages and mutations and consequently induce the development of cancer diseases. Dunford et al. [48] and Subrahmanyam et al. =-=[49]-=- share that opinion. In view of those findings, a question as to the safety of products containing nano-TiO2 must be thoroughly answered [50]. In line with the Regulation (WE) 1223/2009 of the Europea...

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...ncer diseases. Dunford et al. [48] and Subrahmanyam et al. [49] share that opinion. In view of those findings, a question as to the safety of products containing nano-TiO2 must be thoroughly answered =-=[50]-=-. In line with the Regulation (WE) 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council [51], the maximum allowed amount of TiO2 in toiletries may not exceed 25%. As Hansen [37] calculated, the consum...

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..., its accumulation in water and soil, and its impact on organisms living in those miscellaneous environments [52]. According to the report by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) =-=[53]-=-, TiO2 is freed to the atmosphere, surface waters and soil, Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 10:57 Page 3 of 10i.e. from such sources as already mentioned sunscreens, sun protecting tex...

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...a). Effective immobilization of nano-TiO2 on surfaces covered by photocatalytic films remains a crucial problem. The application of nano-TiO2 onto surfaces by means of magnetron sputtering deposition =-=[62]-=-, chemical vapour deposition [63] or sol-gel deposition [64] results in an inseparably base-fixed, resistant to mechanical factors, thin layer of photocatalyst. The application of those technologies a...

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...d by photocatalytic films remains a crucial problem. The application of nano-TiO2 onto surfaces by means of magnetron sputtering deposition [62], chemical vapour deposition [63] or sol-gel deposition =-=[64]-=- results in an inseparably base-fixed, resistant to mechanical factors, thin layer of photocatalyst. The application of those technologies allows to significantly reduce the health damage risk, result...

Citation Context

...is used, mainly in the near-ultraviolet range (UV-A, λ = 315 to 400 nm) [70-73], and to a lesser extent, the UV radiation with a wavelength in the indirect ultraviolet range (UV-B, λ = 280 to 315 nm) =-=[70,72]-=-. The application of far ultraviolet (UV-C, λ = 100 to 280 nm) as an agent initiating AOPs poses a serious danger to human health [72]. As a result of the semiconductor excitation, an electron (e−) ex...

Citation Context

...otocatalytic surfaces, such as hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide anion radicals (•O2 −) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), not only inactivate but also oxidize bacteria, yeasts and moulds to CO2 and H2O =-=[18,19,74,75]-=-, similarly as molecules of nearly all organic compounds [11,76] (Figure 1). Among the mineralized compounds, there are hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds [33,69] which...

Citation Context

...ineralized compounds, there are hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds [33,69] which are dangerous to human health, as well as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) =-=[77,78]-=- which are present in air and wastewater. Oxidized organic compounds are often onerous and hard to remove from air [79], water [80] and solid surfaces (e.g. windows, building exteriors and machines) [...

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...ineralized compounds, there are hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and aromatic compounds [33,69] which are dangerous to human health, as well as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) =-=[77,78]-=- which are present in air and wastewater. Oxidized organic compounds are often onerous and hard to remove from air [79], water [80] and solid surfaces (e.g. windows, building exteriors and machines) [...

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...om air [79], water [80] and solid surfaces (e.g. windows, building exteriors and machines) [75], whereby inactivated microorganisms are frequently pathogens which are dangerous for humans and animals =-=[81]-=-. Due to photocatalytic properties, TiO2 is applied, after powdering to NPs, in AOPs and UV radiation-based methods for pathogen inactivation and organic pollutant decomposition [82]. Superhydrophilic...

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...e effects of ROS activity on organic substances a exposed to UV radiation, ROS (•O2 −, •OH, H2O2) are formed (a) that have tgeneous, quickly evaporating, invisible and pollutantremoving film of water =-=[83]-=-. That is why glass surfaces covered by a thin layer of nano-TiO2 are applied in Figure 2 Comparison of contact angle (α) on control surface (a) and s exposed to UV radiation. The surface covered by a...

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...e surface, hence preventing the surface from becoming wet or dirty. For the first time, this phenomenon was observed with Nelumbo nucifera, an angiosperm plant, and it was given the name lotus effect =-=[85]-=-. Surfaces displaying identical properties can also be found in animals, for example, the chitin armour of some insects, such as Stenocara gracilipes [86]. This phenomenon is referred to as superhydro...

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...plant, and it was given the name lotus effect [85]. Surfaces displaying identical properties can also be found in animals, for example, the chitin armour of some insects, such as Stenocara gracilipes =-=[86]-=-. This phenomenon is referred to as superhydrophobicity [87] (Figure 3). species (ROS) generation on the surface of titanium dioxide microorganisms (b). On the surface of the nano-TiO2 particles, abil...

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... superhydrophilic properties; the d s ydr Bogdan et al. Nanoscale Research Letterss(2015) 10:57 Page 5 of 10[33] or deodorizing [20] properties but, more importantly, they also have self-disinfecting =-=[88,89]-=- and self-cleaning abilities [13,66]. Examples of TiO2/UV photocatalysis application in bacteria eradication The majority of bacteria examined in vitro are common also in the natural environment, i.e....

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...s (VOC) [79], as well as in inactivation of microorganisms [99] present in building interiors of houses, offices or manufacturing sites [109]. Bioaerosols are nowadays the main air pollutant in rooms =-=[98]-=-. Many bacteria have been identified as infectious agents disseminated through ventilation systems. Among them, there are pathogens causing tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) [110-112], pneumon...

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...t urface covered by a thin layer of nano-TiO2 (b) in darkness. The ophobic properties; the contact angle is an obtuse angle,The TiO2/UV process finds its practical application also in water treatment =-=[101]-=-. The rapid growth of the human population in recent decades induces the increase in demand for drinking water. Incorrect management of water resources results in a pollution upsurge of world water re...

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...Photocatalytic processes taking place on surfaces covered by a thin layer on nanosized metal oxides (i.e., nano-TiO2) present an increasingly important alternative to traditional disinfection methods =-=[97,102,104,129,130]-=-. A reason for the greater interest in the practical application of photocatalysis is its high bactericidal effectiveness in the treatment of microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeru...

Citation Context

...layer of nano-TiO2, the application of the TiO2/UV process in the treatment of much polluted wastewater, i.e. in the treatment of water coming from resin plants, paper mills, dye-works and refineries =-=[100,103]-=-, is being discussed, as well as its application in the decomposition of toxins released to water by cyanobacteria [126]. The TiO2/UV process can also be rendered useful in hospitals as a tool to cont...

Citation Context

...e been focused on the aspect of using the photocatalysis phenomenon in eradication of pathogenic microorganisms in ventilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems =-=[104,105]-=- and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres [15,16,106] or in food processing plants [107,108]. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of m...

Citation Context

...ication of pathogenic microorganisms in ventilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems [104,105] and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres =-=[15,16,106]-=- or in food processing plants [107,108]. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of microorganism inactivation and degradation of toxic compounds to human and ani...

Citation Context

...entilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems [104,105] and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres [15,16,106] or in food processing plants =-=[107,108]-=-. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of microorganism inactivation and degradation of toxic compounds to human and animals is the TiO2/UV process where titan...

Citation Context

...entilation systems [82,97-99], water supplies [27,29,32,82,100-103], sewage systems [104,105] and on work surfaces (e.g. tables and floors) in medical centres [15,16,106] or in food processing plants =-=[107,108]-=-. Among the photocatalytic processes that have been most studied in the context of microorganism inactivation and degradation of toxic compounds to human and animals is the TiO2/UV process where titan...