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...uence semantic memory, the odor must be present at bothsencoding and retrieval. Research has found that emotional content does enhance semantic andsautobiographical memory in word memorization tasks (=-=Kensinger & Corkin, 2003-=-). Memorysincreases when emotional words were used in comparison to neutral words.sThe emotionalscontent of words was not context-dependent.sThis difference in the influence of odor and emotion on sem...

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...phical memory.sTHE INFLUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (Chu & Downes, 2000; Herz et al., 2004; =-=Maratos et al., 2001-=-; Martin et al., 2007;sYeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction and memory. A portion of the research looks...

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...ween the hippocampussand other structures such as the olfactory bulb and amygdala (Concha et al., 2005).sResearch has found that the sense of smell is able to act as a potential effective memoryscue (=-=Schab, 1990-=-).sFurther studies have shown that there is support for the idea that olfactorysstimuli are the most effective cues for autobiographical memories when compared with otherssensory cues such as visual, ...

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...OTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (Chu & Downes, 2000; Herz et al., 2004; Maratos et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2007;s=-=Yeshurun & Sobel, 2010-=-).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction and memory. A portion of the research looks at thesrelationship between all three.sPast ...

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...so seem tosaffect emotion, however, they primarily affect the type of emotion one displays (Zald & Pardo,s1997). Emotions do appear to affect memory as well, but not to the same extent that odors dos(=-=Banich et al., 2009-=-). When looking at odor, emotion and memory, the emotion seems to be ansadditional asset to assist the odor-memory cue.sIn the current study, the participant was presented with several word memorizati...

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... al., 2002; Herz et al., 2004).sBuchanan (2007) suggested that emotion andsmemory are connected on a neuroanatomical level.sEnhanced memory for emotionalsexperiences is attributed to this connection (=-=Buchanan, 2007-=-). This study found that recognitionsfor words with negative emotional content enhanced the activity of the left amygdala and theshippocampus.sNegative emotional content was found to cause more activa...

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...cued memory.sThe influence of odor and emotion on memory may have some limitations.sOneslimitation is that some research shows odors to be an effective memory cue only in contextdependent conditions (=-=Aggleton & Waskett, 1999-=-; Baker et al., 2004). The odor must be presentsduring encoding and retrieval, otherwise, the effect does not occur.sThis is opposite of thesGottried et al. (2004) study which found increased memory r...

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... issTHE INFLUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 5sconsidered to be (Yeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sLike the amygdala, studies have also found the hippocampus to be activated when odorssare present (=-=Gottfried et al., 2004-=-).sThis could be due to the close anatomical positioning of theshippocampus and the olfactory regions of the brain (Gourevitch et al., 2010). Diffusion tensorsimaging of the limbic system has noted th...

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...mited tosautobiographical memory.sTHE INFLUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (Chu & Downes, 2000; =-=Herz et al., 2004-=-; Maratos et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2007;sYeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction and memory. A portion...

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...ies isswhat separates odor stimulated memories from other cued memories (Herz & Cupchik, 1995).sAnother study found that odors called to mind many memories that were pleasant and emotionalsin nature (=-=Cann & Ross, 1989-=-).sThey found that olfactory cues can be very helpful memory aids,sbut the effectiveness of the olfactory aids depends on the familiarity of the odor.sWhen peoplesrecognize the odor, it acts as a much...

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...relationships are limited tosautobiographical memory.sTHE INFLUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (=-=Chu & Downes, 2000-=-; Herz et al., 2004; Maratos et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2007;sYeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction an...

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...c resonance imaging has shown thatsperception of odors does activate the amygdala along with several other closely related areasssuch as the piriform, thalamus and the hippocampus (Herz et al., 2004; =-=Poellinger et al., 2001-=-).sResearch has found that the nature of the odor, whether it is pleasant versus unpleasant, affectssamygdala activation.sAversive odors were shown to be more likely to activate the amygdala thansnon-...

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...can have on the emotionality of the memory recalled.sFor example, if one begins in a positive mood state, research suggests that one will be moreslikely to recall memories of a more positive valence (=-=Leppänen & Hietanen, 2003-=-).sAutobiographical memories of emotional events in general also are often recalled with moresaccuracy and vividness than those events with no emotional content (Buchanan, 2007).sOther studies have fo...

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... between autobiographical and semantic memory. Research hassfound that odor can be beneficial in semantic memory tasks, such as word list learning, however,ssemantic memory is more context-dependent (=-=Wilkinson et al., 2002-=-). Odor may only be anseffective memory cue in context-dependent conditions (Aggleton & Waskett, 1999; Baker et al.,s2004). This implies that for odor to influence semantic memory, the odor must be pr...

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... (Gourevitch et al., 2010). Diffusion tensorsimaging of the limbic system has noted the circuit connections found between the hippocampussand other structures such as the olfactory bulb and amygdala (=-=Concha et al., 2005-=-).sResearch has found that the sense of smell is able to act as a potential effective memoryscue (Schab, 1990).sFurther studies have shown that there is support for the idea that olfactorysstimuli are...

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...son, 2007). Some research shows that memories evoked by odors have moresemotional value than memories evoked from other cues, such as visual or auditory cues (Herz &sCupchik, 1995; Herz et al., 2004; =-=Herz & Schooler, 2002-=-).sThe emotionality of the memories isswhat separates odor stimulated memories from other cued memories (Herz & Cupchik, 1995).sAnother study found that odors called to mind many memories that were pl...

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...mygdala offers support to the theory that the amygdala plays a critical role in the emotionalsprocessing of olfactory stimuli. That role entails having the ability to alter someone’s emotionalsstate (=-=Lehrner et al., 2005-=-; Yeshurun & Sobel, 2010). Lehrner et al. (2005) found that exposingspatients to the odors of lavender or orange while they were waiting for various dental proceduresslowered their anxiety and increas...

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...relationships are limited tosautobiographical memory.sTHE INFLUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (=-=Chu & Downes, 2000-=-; Herz et al., 2004; Maratos et al., 2001; Martin et al., 2007;sYeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction an...

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...or and emotion have on memory.sEmotion may not have to be present in an odor-cued memory, however, research hassfound that olfactory evoked memories tend to be associated with high emotional arousals(=-=Willander & Larsson, 2007-=-). Some research shows that memories evoked by odors have moresemotional value than memories evoked from other cues, such as visual or auditory cues (Herz &sCupchik, 1995; Herz et al., 2004; Herz & Sc...

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...LUENCE OF ODOR AND EMOTION ON MEMORYsShrode, 3sOlfaction’s general relationship to emotion and memory has been previously wellsdocumented (Chu & Downes, 2000; Herz et al., 2004; Maratos et al., 2001; =-=Martin et al., 2007-=-;sYeshurun & Sobel, 2010).sMuch of this research looks at the connection between emotion andsmemory, olfaction and emotion or olfaction and memory. A portion of the research looks at thesrelationship ...

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... of odor and emotion on memory may have some limitations.sOneslimitation is that some research shows odors to be an effective memory cue only in contextdependent conditions (Aggleton & Waskett, 1999; =-=Baker et al., 2004-=-). The odor must be presentsduring encoding and retrieval, otherwise, the effect does not occur.sThis is opposite of thesGottried et al. (2004) study which found increased memory retrieval even if the...

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...gested thatsthis could be one of the reasons why some people prefer certain scents while others do not.sIf asscent reminds them of a positive experience, they may think the scent to be more pleasants(=-=Willander & Larsson, 2006-=-).sAnother study found that along with being able to recall the mostsautobiographical memories, the most vivid memories, and the most important memories from thestime in their life when they were ten ...

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...found the hippocampus to be activated when odorssare present (Gottfried et al., 2004).sThis could be due to the close anatomical positioning of theshippocampus and the olfactory regions of the brain (=-=Gourevitch et al., 2010-=-). Diffusion tensorsimaging of the limbic system has noted the circuit connections found between the hippocampussand other structures such as the olfactory bulb and amygdala (Concha et al., 2005).sRes...