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513
ANALYSIS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS FOR HABITAT MONITORING
, 2004
"... We provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements were developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the sensor network software, protective enclosures, and system architecture to meet the require ..."
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Cited by 1490 (19 self)
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We provide an in-depth study of applying wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to real-world habitat monitoring. A set of system design requirements were developed that cover the hardware design of the nodes, the sensor network software, protective enclosures, and system architecture to meet the requirements of biologists. In the summer of 2002, 43 nodes were deployed on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. Although researchers anticipate some challenges arising in real-world deployments of WSNs, many problems can only be discovered through experience. We present a set of experiences from a four month long deployment on a remote island. We analyze the environmental and node health data to evaluate system performance. The close integration of WSNs with their environment provides environmental data at densities previously impossible. We show that the sensor data is also useful for predicting system operation and network failures. Based on over one million 2 Polastre et. al. data readings, we analyze the node and network design and develop network reliability profiles and failure models.
TAG: a Tiny AGgregation service for ad-hoc sensor networks
- IN OSDI
, 2002
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The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems
- In Proceedings of Programming Language Design and Implementation (PLDI
, 2003
"... We present nesC, a programming language for networked embedded systems that represent a new design space for application developers. An example of a networked embedded system is a sensor network, which consists of (potentially) thousands of tiny, lowpower “motes, ” each of which execute concurrent, ..."
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Cited by 943 (48 self)
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We present nesC, a programming language for networked embedded systems that represent a new design space for application developers. An example of a networked embedded system is a sensor network, which consists of (potentially) thousands of tiny, lowpower “motes, ” each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must operate with severe memory and power constraints. nesC’s contribution is to support the special needs of this domain by exposing a programming model that incorporates event-driven execution, a flexible concurrency model, and component-oriented application design. Restrictions on the programming model allow the nesC compiler to perform whole-program analyses, including data-race detection (which improves reliability) and aggressive function inlining (which reduces resource consumption). nesC has been used to implement TinyOS, a small operating system for sensor networks, as well as several significant sensor applications. nesC and TinyOS have been adopted by a large number of sensor network research groups, and our experience and evaluation of the language shows that it is effective at supporting the complex, concurrent programming style demanded by this new class of deeply networked systems.
TOSSIM: Accurate and Scalable Simulation of Entire TinyOS Applications
, 2003
"... Accurate and scalable simulation has historically been a key enabling factor for systems research. We present TOSSIM, a simulator for TinyOS wireless sensor networks. By exploiting the sensor network domain and TinyOS’s design, TOSSIM can capture network behavior at a high fidelity while scaling to ..."
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Cited by 784 (19 self)
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Accurate and scalable simulation has historically been a key enabling factor for systems research. We present TOSSIM, a simulator for TinyOS wireless sensor networks. By exploiting the sensor network domain and TinyOS’s design, TOSSIM can capture network behavior at a high fidelity while scaling to thousands of nodes. By using a probabilistic bit error model for the network, TOSSIM remains simple and efficient, but expressive enough to capture a wide range of network interactions. Using TOSSIM, we have discovered several bugs in TinyOS, ranging from network bitlevel MAC interactions to queue overflows in an ad-hoc routing protocol. Through these and other evaluations, we show that detailed, scalable sensor network simulation is possible.
Telos: Enabling Ultra-Low Power Wireless Research
, 2005
"... We present Telos, an ultra low power wireless sensor module (“mote”) for research and experimentation. Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research. It is a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote ..."
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Cited by 717 (21 self)
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We present Telos, an ultra low power wireless sensor module (“mote”) for research and experimentation. Telos is the latest in a line of motes developed by UC Berkeley to enable wireless sensor network (WSN) research. It is a new mote design built from scratch based on experiences with previous mote generations. Telos’ new design consists of three major goals to enable experimentation: minimal power consumption, easy to use, and increased software and hardware robustness. We discuss how hardware components are selected and integrated in order to achieve these goals. Using a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller, Chipcon IEEE 802.15.4-compliant radio, and USB, Telos’ power profile is almost one-tenth the consumption of previous mote platforms while providing greater performance and throughput. It eliminates programming and support boards, while enabling experimentation with WSNs in both lab, testbed, and deployment settings.
Contiki - a Lightweight and Flexible Operating System for Tiny Networked Sensors
, 2004
"... of tiny networked devices that communicate untethered. For large scale networks it is important to be able to dynamically download code into the network. In this paper we present Contiki, a lightweight operating system with support for dynamic loading and replacement of individual programs and servi ..."
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Cited by 516 (45 self)
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of tiny networked devices that communicate untethered. For large scale networks it is important to be able to dynamically download code into the network. In this paper we present Contiki, a lightweight operating system with support for dynamic loading and replacement of individual programs and services. Contiki is built around an event-driven kernel but provides optional preemptive multithreading that can be applied to individual processes. We show that dynamic loading and unloading is feasible in a resource constrained environment, while keeping the base system lightweight and compact.
The dynamic behavior of a data dissemination protocol for network programming at scale
- In Proceedings of the Second International Conferences on Embedded Network Sensor Systems (SenSys
"... To support network programming, we present Deluge, a reliable data dissemination protocol for propagating large data objects from one or more source nodes to many other nodes over a multihop, wireless sensor network. Deluge builds from prior work in density-aware, epidemic maintenance protocols. Usi ..."
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Cited by 492 (24 self)
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To support network programming, we present Deluge, a reliable data dissemination protocol for propagating large data objects from one or more source nodes to many other nodes over a multihop, wireless sensor network. Deluge builds from prior work in density-aware, epidemic maintenance protocols. Using both a real-world deployment and simulation, we show that Deluge can reliably disseminate data to all nodes and characterize its overall performance. On Mica2dot nodes, Deluge can push nearly 90 bytes/second, oneninth the maximum transmission rate of the radio supported under TinyOS. Control messages are limited to 18 % of all transmissions. At scale, the protocol exposes interesting propagation dynamics only hinted at by previous dissemination work. A simple model is also derived which describes the limits of data propagation in wireless networks. Finally, we argue that the rates obtained for dissemination are inherently lower than that for single path propagation. It appears very hard to significantly improve upon the rate obtained by Deluge and we identify establishing a tight lower bound as an open problem.
A dynamic operating system for sensor nodes
- in MobiSys
, 2005
"... Sensor network nodes exhibit characteristics of both embedded systems and general-purpose systems. As an embedded system, a sensor node must use little energy and be robust to environmental conditions. As a general-purpose system, a node should provide common services that make it easy to write appl ..."
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Cited by 189 (13 self)
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Sensor network nodes exhibit characteristics of both embedded systems and general-purpose systems. As an embedded system, a sensor node must use little energy and be robust to environmental conditions. As a general-purpose system, a node should provide common services that make it easy to write applications. TinyOS, the current state of the art in sensor network operating systems, focuses on traditional embedded system constraints; reusable components implement common services, but a node runs a single statically-linked system image, making it hard to run multiple applications or incrementally update applications. We present SOS, a new operating system for mote-class sensor nodes that implements a more dynamic point on the design spectrum. SOS consists of dynamically-loaded modules and a common kernel, which implements messaging, dynamic memory, and module loading and unloading, among other services. Modules are not processes: they are scheduled cooperatively and there is no memory protection. Nevertheless, the system protects against common module bugs using techniques such as typed entry points, watchdog timers, and primitive resource garbage collection. Individual modules can be added and removed with minimal system interruption. We describe SOS’s design and implementation, discuss tradeoffs, and compare it with TinyOS and with the Maté virtual machine for TinyOS. Our evaluation shows that despite the dynamic nature of SOS and its higher-level kernel interface, it performs comparably to TinyOS in terms of energy usage and performance, and better in terms of energy usage during software updates. 1
TinyOS: An operating system for sensor networks
- in Ambient Intelligence
, 2004
"... Abstract. We present TinyOS, a flexible, application-specific operating system for sensor networks, which form a core component of ambient intelligence systems. Sensor networks consist of (potentially) thousands of tiny, low-power nodes, each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must ..."
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Cited by 170 (7 self)
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Abstract. We present TinyOS, a flexible, application-specific operating system for sensor networks, which form a core component of ambient intelligence systems. Sensor networks consist of (potentially) thousands of tiny, low-power nodes, each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must operate with severe memory and power constraints. The sensor network challenges of limited resources, event-centric concurrent applications, and low-power operation drive the design of TinyOS. Our solution combines flexible, fine-grain components with an execution model that supports complex yet safe concurrent operations. TinyOS meets these challenges well and has become the platform of choice for sensor network research; it is in use by over a hundred groups worldwide, and supports a broad range of applications and research topics. We provide a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the system, showing that it supports complex, concurrent programs with very low memory requirements (many applications fit within 16KB of memory, and the core OS is 400 bytes) and efficient, low-power operation. We present our experiences with TinyOS as a platform for sensor network innovation and applications. 1
Design of an application-cooperative management system for wireless sensor networks
, 2005
"... Abstract — This paper argues for the usefulness of an application-cooperative interactive management system for wireless sensor networks, and presents SNMS, a Sensor Network Management System. SNMS is designed to be simple and have minimal impact on memory and network traffic, while remaining open a ..."
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Cited by 170 (15 self)
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Abstract — This paper argues for the usefulness of an application-cooperative interactive management system for wireless sensor networks, and presents SNMS, a Sensor Network Management System. SNMS is designed to be simple and have minimal impact on memory and network traffic, while remaining open and flexible. The system is evaluated in light of issues derived from real deployment experiences. I.
