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1,093
BiNGO: a Cytoscape plugin to assess overrepresentation of gene ontology categories in biological networks
- Bioinformatics
, 2005
"... Summary: The Biological Networks Gene Ontology tool (BiNGO) is an open-source Java tool to determine which Gene Ontology (GO) terms are significantly overrepresented in a set of genes. BiNGO can be used either on a list of genes, pasted as text, or interactively on subgraphs of biological networks v ..."
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Cited by 535 (4 self)
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Summary: The Biological Networks Gene Ontology tool (BiNGO) is an open-source Java tool to determine which Gene Ontology (GO) terms are significantly overrepresented in a set of genes. BiNGO can be used either on a list of genes, pasted as text, or interactively on subgraphs of biological networks visualized in Cytoscape. BiNGO maps the predominant functional themes of the tested gene set on the GO hierarchy, and takes advantage of Cytoscape’s versatile visualization environment to produce an intuitive and customizable visual representation of the results.
Thresholding of statistical maps in functional neuroimaging using the false discovery rate.
- NeuroImage
, 2002
"... Finding objective and effective thresholds for voxelwise statistics derived from neuroimaging data has been a long-standing problem. With at least one test performed for every voxel in an image, some correction of the thresholds is needed to control the error rates, but standard procedures for mult ..."
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Cited by 521 (9 self)
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Finding objective and effective thresholds for voxelwise statistics derived from neuroimaging data has been a long-standing problem. With at least one test performed for every voxel in an image, some correction of the thresholds is needed to control the error rates, but standard procedures for multiple hypothesis testing (e.g., Bonferroni) tend to not be sensitive enough to be useful in this context. This paper introduces to the neuroscience literature statistical procedures for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). Recent theoretical work in statistics suggests that FDR-controlling procedures will be effective for the analysis of neuroimaging data. These procedures operate simultaneously on all voxelwise test statistics to determine which tests should be considered statistically significant. The innovation of the procedures is that they control the expected proportion of the rejected hypotheses that are falsely rejected. We demonstrate this approach using both simulations and functional magnetic resonance imaging data from two simple experiments. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)
The positive false discovery rate: A Bayesian interpretation and the q-value
- Annals of Statistics
, 2003
"... Multiple hypothesis testing is concerned with controlling the rate of false positives when testing several hypotheses simultaneously. One multiple hypothesis testing error measure is the false discovery rate (FDR), which is loosely defined to be the expected proportion of false positives among all s ..."
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Cited by 337 (8 self)
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Multiple hypothesis testing is concerned with controlling the rate of false positives when testing several hypotheses simultaneously. One multiple hypothesis testing error measure is the false discovery rate (FDR), which is loosely defined to be the expected proportion of false positives among all significant hypotheses. The FDR is especially appropriate for exploratory analyses in which one is interested in finding several significant results among many tests. In this work, we introduce a modified version of the FDR called the “positive false discovery rate ” (pFDR). We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the pFDR and investigate its statistical properties. When assuming the test statistics follow a mixture distribution, we show that the pFDR can be written as a Bayesian posterior probability and can be connected to classification theory. These properties remain asymptotically true under fairly general conditions, even under certain forms of dependence. Also, a new quantity called the “q-value ” is introduced and investigated, which is a natural “Bayesian posterior p-value, ” or rather the pFDR analogue of the p-value.
An Empirical Bayes Approach to Inferring Large-Scale Gene Association Networks
- BIOINFORMATICS
, 2004
"... Motivation: Genetic networks are often described statistically by graphical models (e.g. Bayesian networks). However, inferring the network structure offers a serious challenge in microarray analysis where the sample size is small compared to the number of considered genes. This renders many standar ..."
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Cited by 237 (6 self)
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Motivation: Genetic networks are often described statistically by graphical models (e.g. Bayesian networks). However, inferring the network structure offers a serious challenge in microarray analysis where the sample size is small compared to the number of considered genes. This renders many standard algorithms for graphical models inapplicable, and inferring genetic networks an “ill-posed” inverse problem. Methods: We introduce a novel framework for small-sample inference of graphical models from gene expression data. Specifically, we focus on so-called graphical Gaussian models (GGMs) that are now frequently used to describe gene association networks and to detect conditionally dependent genes. Our new approach is based on (i) improved (regularized) small-sample point estimates of partial correlation, (ii) an exact test of edge inclusion with adaptive estimation of the degree of freedom, and (iii) a heuristic network search based on false discovery rate multiple testing. Steps (ii) and (iii) correspond to an empirical Bayes estimate of the network topology. Results: Using computer simulations we investigate the sensitivity (power) and specificity (true negative rate) of the proposed framework to estimate GGMs from microarray data. This shows that it is possible to recover the true network topology with high accuracy even for small-sample data sets. Subsequently, we analyze gene expression data from a breast cancer tumor study and illustrate our approach by inferring a corresponding large-scale gene association network for 3,883 genes. Availability: The authors have implemented the approach in the R package “GeneTS ” that is freely available from
Identifying differentially expressed genes using false discovery rate controlling procedures
- BIOINFORMATICS 19: 368–375
, 2003
"... Motivation: DNA microarrays have recently been used for the purpose of monitoring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously and identifying those genes that are differentially expressed. The probability that a false identification (type I error) is committed can increase sharply when th ..."
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Cited by 233 (2 self)
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Motivation: DNA microarrays have recently been used for the purpose of monitoring expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously and identifying those genes that are differentially expressed. The probability that a false identification (type I error) is committed can increase sharply when the number of tested genes gets large. Correlation between the test statistics attributed to gene co-regulation and dependency in the measurement errors of the gene expression levels further complicates the problem. In this paper we address this very large multiplicity problem by adopting the false discovery rate (FDR) controlling approach. In order to address the dependency problem, we present three resampling-based FDR controlling procedures, that account for the test statistics distribution, and compare their performance to that of the naïve application of the linear step-up procedure in Benjamini and Hochberg (1995). The procedures are studied using simulated microarray data, and their performance is examined relative to their ease of implementation. Results: Comparative simulation analysis shows that all four FDR controlling procedures control the FDR at the desired level, and retain substantially more power then the family-wise error rate controlling procedures. In terms of power, using resampling of the marginal distribution of each test statistics substantially improves the performance over the naïve one. The highest power is achieved, at the expense of a more sophisticated algorithm, by the resampling-based procedures that resample the joint distribution of the test statistics and estimate the level of FDR control.
Microarrays, Empirical Bayes Methods, and False Discovery Rates
- Genet. Epidemiol
, 2001
"... In a classic two-sample problem one might use Wilcoxon's statistic to test for a dierence between Treatment and Control subjects. The analogous microarray experiment yields thousands of Wilcoxon statistics, one for each gene on the array, and confronts the statistician with a dicult simultan ..."
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Cited by 217 (14 self)
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In a classic two-sample problem one might use Wilcoxon's statistic to test for a dierence between Treatment and Control subjects. The analogous microarray experiment yields thousands of Wilcoxon statistics, one for each gene on the array, and confronts the statistician with a dicult simultaneous inference situation. We will discuss two inferential approaches to this problem: an empirical Bayes method that requires very little a priori Bayesian modeling, and the frequentist method of \False Discovery Rates" proposed by Benjamini and Hochberg in 1995. It turns out that the two methods are closely related and can be used together to produce sensible simultaneous inferences.
Adapting to unknown sparsity by controlling the false discovery rate
, 2000
"... We attempt to recover a high-dimensional vector observed in white noise, where the vector is known to be sparse, but the degree of sparsity is unknown. We consider three different ways of defining sparsity of a vector: using the fraction of nonzero terms; imposing power-law decay bounds on the order ..."
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Cited by 183 (23 self)
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We attempt to recover a high-dimensional vector observed in white noise, where the vector is known to be sparse, but the degree of sparsity is unknown. We consider three different ways of defining sparsity of a vector: using the fraction of nonzero terms; imposing power-law decay bounds on the ordered entries; and controlling the ℓp norm for p small. We obtain a procedure which is asymptotically minimax for ℓr loss, simultaneously throughout a range of such sparsity classes. The optimal procedure is a data-adaptive thresholding scheme, driven by control of the False Discovery Rate (FDR). FDR control is a recent innovation in simultaneous testing, in which one seeks to ensure that at most a certain fraction of the rejected null hypotheses will correspond to false rejections. In our treatment, the FDR control parameter q also plays a controlling role in asymptotic minimaxity. Our results say that letting q = qn → 0 with problem size n is sufficient for asymptotic minimaxity, while keeping fixed q>1/2prevents asymptotic minimaxity. To our knowledge, this relation between ideas in simultaneous inference and asymptotic decision theory is new. Our work provides a new perspective on a class of model selection rules which has been introduced recently by several authors. These new rules impose complexity penalization of the form 2·log ( potential model size / actual model size). We exhibit a close connection with FDR-controlling procedures having q tending to 0; this connection strongly supports a conjecture of simultaneous asymptotic minimaxity for such model selection rules.
Controlling the familywise error rate in functional neuroimaging: a comparative review
- Statistical Methods in Medical Research
, 2003
"... Functional neuroimaging data embodies a massive multiple testing problem, where 100 000 correlated test statistics must be assessed. The familywise error rate, the chance of any false positives is the standard measure of Type I errors in multiple testing. In this paper we review and evaluate three a ..."
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Cited by 173 (7 self)
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Functional neuroimaging data embodies a massive multiple testing problem, where 100 000 correlated test statistics must be assessed. The familywise error rate, the chance of any false positives is the standard measure of Type I errors in multiple testing. In this paper we review and evaluate three approaches to thresholding images of test statistics: Bonferroni, random �eld and the permutation test. Owing to recent developments, improved Bonferroni procedures, such as Hochberg’s methods, are now applicable to dependent data. Continuous random �eld methods use the smoothness of the image to adapt to the severity of the multiple testing problem. Also, increased computing power has made both permutation and bootstrap methods applicable to functional neuroimaging. We evaluate these approaches on t images using simulations and a collection of real datasets. We �nd that Bonferroni-related tests offer little improvement over Bonferroni, while the permutation method offers substantial improvement over the random �eld method for low smoothness and low degrees of freedom. We also show the limitations of trying to �nd an equivalent number of independent tests for an image of correlated test statistics. 1
Resampling-Based Multiple Testing for Microarray Data Analysis
, 2003
"... The burgeoning field of genomics has revived interest in multiple testing procedures by raising new methodological and computational challenges. For example, microarray experiments generate large multiplicity problems in which thousands of hypotheses are tested simultaneously. In their 1993 book, We ..."
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Cited by 145 (3 self)
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The burgeoning field of genomics has revived interest in multiple testing procedures by raising new methodological and computational challenges. For example, microarray experiments generate large multiplicity problems in which thousands of hypotheses are tested simultaneously. In their 1993 book, Westfall & Young propose resampling-based p-value adjustment procedures which are highly relevant to microarray experiments. This article discusses different criteria for error control in resampling-based multiple testing, including (a) the family wise error rate of Westfall & Young (1993) and (b) the false discovery rate developed by Benjamini & Hochberg (1995), both from a frequentist viewpoint; and (c) the positive false discovery rate of Storey (2002), which has a Bayesian motivation. We also introduce our recently developed fast algorithm for implementing the minP adjustment to control familywise error rate. Adjusted p-values for different approaches are applied to gene expression data from two recently published microarray studies. The properties of these procedures for multiple testing are compared.
Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Preschool: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects.” Unpublished manuscript
, 2007
"... The view that the returns to public educational investments are highest for early childhood interventions stems primarily from several influential randomized trials- Abecedarian, Perry, and the Early Training Project- that point to super-normal returns to preschool interventions. This paper implemen ..."
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Cited by 144 (2 self)
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The view that the returns to public educational investments are highest for early childhood interventions stems primarily from several influential randomized trials- Abecedarian, Perry, and the Early Training Project- that point to super-normal returns to preschool interventions. This paper implements a unified statistical framework to present a de novo analysis of these experiments, focusing on two core issues that have received little attention in previous analyses: treatment effect heterogeneity by gender and over-rejection of the null hypothesis due to multiple inference. The primary finding of this reanalysis is that girls garnered substantial shortand long-term benefits from the interventions. However, there were no significant long-term benefits for boys. These conclusions would not be apparent when using ”naive ” estimators that do not adjust for multiple inference.
