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The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components
- Cognition
, 2004
"... This paper presents the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis of the relevant imaging literature on word production (82 experiments). In addition to the spatial overlap of activated regions, we also analyzed the available data on the time course of activations. The analysis specified regions and ..."
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Cited by 209 (3 self)
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This paper presents the results of a comprehensive meta-analysis of the relevant imaging literature on word production (82 experiments). In addition to the spatial overlap of activated regions, we also analyzed the available data on the time course of activations. The analysis specified regions and time windows of activation for the core processes of word production: lexical selection, phonological code retrieval, syllabification, and phonetic/articulatory preparation. A comparison of the word production results with studies on auditory word/non-word perception and reading showed that the time course of activations in word production is, on the whole, compatible with the temporal constraints that perception processes impose on the production processes they affect in picture/word interference paradigms.
Lexical access in aphasic and nonaphasic speakers
- Psychological Review
, 1997
"... An interactive 2-step theory of lexical retrieval was applied to the picture-naming error patterns of aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. The theory uses spreading activation in a lexical network to accomplish the mapping between the conceptual representation of an object and the phonological form of t ..."
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Cited by 170 (5 self)
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An interactive 2-step theory of lexical retrieval was applied to the picture-naming error patterns of aphasic and nonaphasic speakers. The theory uses spreading activation in a lexical network to accomplish the mapping between the conceptual representation of an object and the phonological form of the word naming the object. A model developed from the theory was parameterized to fit normal error patterns. It was then "lesioned " by globally altering its connection weight, decay rates, or both to provide fits to the error patterns of 21 fluent aphasic patients. These fits were then used to derive predictions about the influence of syntactic categories on patient errors, the effect of phonology on semantic errors, error patterns after recovery, and patient performance on a single-word repetition task. The predictions were confirmed. It is argued that simple quantitative alterations to a normal processing model can explain much of the variety among patient patterns in naming. Difficulty in word retrieval is the most pervasive symptom of language breakdown in aphasia. As with other symptoms of brain damage, word retrieval is subject to graceful degradation (Marr, 1982; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986): Unsuccessful attempts at retrieval generally resemble the target, either in
Word-specific phonetics
- Laboratory Phonology 7. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
, 2002
"... A long-standing forte of the Laboratory Phonology series has been work on phonetic implementation of phonological representations. Numerous studies in this series have elucidated the patterns of variation in the realization of phonological categories in different segmental and prosodic contexts, and ..."
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Cited by 127 (4 self)
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A long-standing forte of the Laboratory Phonology series has been work on phonetic implementation of phonological representations. Numerous studies in this series have elucidated the patterns of variation in the realization of phonological categories in different segmental and prosodic contexts, and such studies now provide one of the main lines of evidence about the cognitive representation
Goal-referenced selection of verbal action: Modeling attentional control in the Stroop task
- Psychological Review
, 2003
"... This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on ..."
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Cited by 104 (32 self)
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This article presents a new account of the color-word Stroop phenomenon (J. R. Stroop, 1935) based on
An MEG study of picture naming
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
, 1998
"... n The purpose of this study was to relate a psycholinguistic processing model of picture naming to the dynamics of cortical activation during picture naming. The activation was recorded from eight Dutch subjects with a whole-head neuromagne-tometer. The processing model, based on extensive naming la ..."
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Cited by 60 (4 self)
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n The purpose of this study was to relate a psycholinguistic processing model of picture naming to the dynamics of cortical activation during picture naming. The activation was recorded from eight Dutch subjects with a whole-head neuromagne-tometer. The processing model, based on extensive naming latency studies, is a stage model. In preparing a picture’s name, the speaker performs a chain of speciªc operations. They are, in this order, computing the visual percept, activating an ap-propriate lexical concept, selecting the target word from the mental lexicon, phonological encoding, phonetic encoding, and initiation of articulation. The time windows for each of these operations are reasonably well known and could be related to the peak activity of dipole sources in the individual magnetic response patterns. The analyses showed a clear pro-gression over these time windows from early occipital activa-tion, via parietal and temporal to frontal activation. The major speciªc ªndings were that (1) a region in the left posterior temporal lobe, agreeing with the location of Wernicke’s area, showed prominent activation starting about 200 msec after picture onset and peaking at about 350 msec, (i.e., within the stage of phonological encoding), and (2) a consistent activation was found in the right parietal cortex, peaking at about 230 msec after picture onset, thus preceding and partly overlap-ping with the left temporal response. An interpretation in terms of the management of visual attention is proposed. n
Connectionist Models of Language Production: Lexical Access and Grammatical Encoding
, 1999
"... INTRODUCTION Psycholinguistic research into language production---the process of translating thoughts into speech---has long been associated with connectionist models. Spreading activation models of lexical access in production represent some of the earliest applications of connectionist ideas to p ..."
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Cited by 48 (8 self)
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INTRODUCTION Psycholinguistic research into language production---the process of translating thoughts into speech---has long been associated with connectionist models. Spreading activation models of lexical access in production represent some of the earliest applications of connectionist ideas to psycholinguistic data (e.g., Dell & Reich, 1977; Harley, 1984; MacKay, 1982; Stemberger, 1985). These models combined representations from linguistics with interactive activation principles and sought to explain speech errors, particularly errors resulting from multiple causes or processing levels. For example, "Lizst's second Hungarian restaurant " instead of "rhapsody " involves mistakenly using a word that is associatively, syntactically, and phonologically related to the intended word. Activation that spreads interactively among processing levels seems to be a natural way to account for these kinds of slips. Direct all correspondence to: Gar
When more is less: A counterintuitive effect of distractor frequency in the picture–word interference paradigm
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
, 2003
"... Pictures were shown with superimposed word distractors of high and low frequency. Low-frequency distractors produced greater interference on picture naming than did high-frequency distractors. This distractor frequency effect was not affected by manipulations that facilitated or hindered distractor ..."
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Cited by 40 (8 self)
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Pictures were shown with superimposed word distractors of high and low frequency. Low-frequency distractors produced greater interference on picture naming than did high-frequency distractors. This distractor frequency effect was not affected by manipulations that facilitated or hindered distractor recognition. Interference was reduced for distractors that were read aloud several times prior to being shown in the picture-naming task. Together these findings suggest that the distractor frequency effect has its locus at some stage of lexical access for production. Other findings further constrain hypotheses about which level of speech production is involved in the effect. The distractor frequency effect has implica-tions for models of lexical processing in speaking as well as for accounts of picture–word interference and the frequency effect. Two effects, reliably observed in picture naming, have received much attention from researchers interested in word production: the name frequency and the word interference effects. The first effect refers to the observation that pictures with high-frequency (HF) names are named faster and more accurately than pictures with low-frequency (LF) names (e.g., Oldfield & Wingfield, 1965). The second effect refers to the fact that it takes longer to name a picture when it is shown along with a word. The Stroop effect, obtained in the color-naming task, is perhaps the best known case of word interference. The phenomenon of word interference can be ob-served with all sorts of pictures (not only colors) and all sorts of words (not only semantically related words; for reviews, see Deyer, 1973; Glaser, 1992; MacLeod, 1991). For example, it takes longer to name the picture dog when it is shown with the word cup compared with when the picture is shown with a nonsense string of letters (e.g., uvc). The interest in the effects of frequency and word interference originates in part from the view that these effects involve the selection of the pictures ’ names rather than other stages of picture naming (e.g., picture recognition or meaning retrieval), and, therefore, they could be used to inform theories of lexical
Metrical structure in planning the production of spoken words
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition
, 1998
"... According to most models of speech production, the planning of spoken words involves the independent retrieval of segments and metrical frames followed by segment-to-frame association. In some models, the metrical frame includes a specification of the number and ordering of consonants and vowels, bu ..."
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Cited by 37 (7 self)
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According to most models of speech production, the planning of spoken words involves the independent retrieval of segments and metrical frames followed by segment-to-frame association. In some models, the metrical frame includes a specification of the number and ordering of consonants and vowels, but in the word-form encoding by activation and verification (WEAVER) model (A. Roelofs, 1997), the frame specifies only the stress pattern across syllables. In 6 implicit priming experiments, on each trial, participants produced 1 word out of a small set as quickly as possible. In homogeneous sets, the response words shared word-initial segments, whereas in heterogeneous sets, they did not. Priming effects from shared segments depended on all response words having the same number of syllables and stress pattern, but not on their having the same number of consonants and vowels. No priming occurred when the response words had only the same metrical frame but shared no segments. Computer simulations demonstrated that WEAVER accounts for the findings. Most theories of word production assume that the phono-logical representations constructed in planning utterances include separate representations of the segmental content of
Phonological segments and features as planning units in speech production
- Language and Cognitive Processes
, 1999
"... The author reports four experiments that examined phonological processes in spoken word production. A form-preparation paradigm was applied to the question of whether phonological features can be preplanned to facilitate spoken word production. In Experiment 1, monosyllabic words were produced in se ..."
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Cited by 32 (7 self)
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The author reports four experiments that examined phonological processes in spoken word production. A form-preparation paradigm was applied to the question of whether phonological features can be preplanned to facilitate spoken word production. In Experiment 1, monosyllabic words were produced in sets different in form, or in sets sharing either the initial segment or initial segments differing only in voicing. Only shared initial segments yielded facilitation. A similar pattern of results was observed when the sets were matched for the following vowel (Experiment 2), when words were produced in response to pictured objects (Experiment 3), and when place of articulation rather than voicing was manipulated (Experiment 4). The special status of identity suggests that segments are planning units independent of their features. The results are explained in terms of the WEAVER model of word-form encoding, in which a serial encoding of segments is followed by a parallel activation of features. A WEAVER simulation of the experiments is presented which supports these claims.
Word length effects in object naming: The role of a response criterion
- Journal of Memory & Language
, 2003
"... According to Levelt, Roelofs, and Meyer (1999) speakers generate the phonological and phonetic representations of successive syllables of a word in sequence and only begin to speak after having fully planned at least one complete phonological word. Therefore, speech onset latencies should be longer ..."
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Cited by 32 (13 self)
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According to Levelt, Roelofs, and Meyer (1999) speakers generate the phonological and phonetic representations of successive syllables of a word in sequence and only begin to speak after having fully planned at least one complete phonological word. Therefore, speech onset latencies should be longer for long than for short words. We tested this prediction in four experiments in which Dutch participants named or categorized objects with monosyllabic or di-syllabic names. Experiment 1 yielded a length effect on production latencies when objects with long and short names were tested in separate blocks, but not when they were mixed. Experiment 2 showed that the length effect was not due to a difference in the ease of object recognition. Experiment 3 replicated the results of Experiment 1 using a within-participants design. In Experiment 4, the long and short target words appeared in a phrasal context. In addition to the speech onset latencies, we obtained the viewing times for the target objects, which have been shown to depend on the time necessary to plan the form of the target names. We found word length effects for both dependent variables, but only when objects with short and long names were presented in separate blocks. We argue that in pure and mixed blocks speakers used different response deadlines, which they tried to meet by either generating the motor programs for one syllable or for all syllables of the word before speech onset. Computer simulations using WEAVER++ support this view.
