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23
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
, 2013
"... The collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination phenomena. Data analysis techniques have been proposed in the last fifty years in the economic, legal, statistical, and, rec ..."
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The collection and analysis of observational and experimental data represent the main tools for assessing the presence, the extent, the nature, and the trend of discrimination phenomena. Data analysis techniques have been proposed in the last fifty years in the economic, legal, statistical, and, recently, in the data mining literature. This is not surprising, since discrimination analysis is a multi-disciplinary problem, involving sociological causes, legal argumentations, economic models, statistical techniques, computational issues. The objective of this survey is to provide a guidance and a glue for researchers and anti-discrimination data analysts on concepts, problems, application areas, datasets, methods and approaches from a multidisciplinary perspective. We organize the approaches according to their method of data collection as observational, quasi-experimental and experimental studies. A fourth line of recently blooming research on knowledge discovery based methods is also covered. Observational methods are further categorized on the basis of their application context: labor economics, social profiling, consumer markets, and others.
doi:10.1017/S0003055410000456 Political Consequences of the Carceral State
"... Contact with the criminal justice system is greater today than at any time in our history. In this article,we argue that interactions with criminal justice are an important source of political socialization,in which the lessons that are imprinted are antagonistic to democratic participation and insp ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Contact with the criminal justice system is greater today than at any time in our history. In this article,we argue that interactions with criminal justice are an important source of political socialization,in which the lessons that are imprinted are antagonistic to democratic participation and inspire negative orientations toward government. To test this argument, we conduct the first systematic empirical exploration of how criminal justice involvement shapes the citizenship and political voice of a growing swath of Americans. We find that custodial involvement carries with it a substantial civic penalty that is not explained by criminal propensity or socioeconomic differences alone. Given that the carceral state has become a routine site of interaction between government and citizens, institutions of criminal justice have emerged as an important force in defining citizen participation and understandings, with potentially dire consequences for democratic ideals. As Americans altered history in 2008 by send-ing the first black man to the White House,another less celebrated record was charted: 1 in every forty-one adults, including fully 13 % of black men, could not cast a vote in his election because they were disenfranchised due to a past criminal record (Sentencing Project 2010). Indeed, the scale of citizen contact with the American criminal justice system is now unmatched in modern history. For the first time,
The Efficiency of Frisks in the NYPD, 2004–2010
"... NewYorkPoliceDepartment (NYPD) stop and friskpolicy has comeunder increasing scrutiny in recent years and has been analyzed exclusively in terms of its equity and effectiveness. This study adds a third approach of policy outcome analysis—technical efficiency—by employing a pooled data envelopment an ..."
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NewYorkPoliceDepartment (NYPD) stop and friskpolicy has comeunder increasing scrutiny in recent years and has been analyzed exclusively in terms of its equity and effectiveness. This study adds a third approach of policy outcome analysis—technical efficiency—by employing a pooled data envelopment analysis of all Stop, Question, and Frisk data from all NYPD precincts from 2004 through 2010 (3,410,300 total stops resulting in 1,721,955 total frisks). The results reveal that the NYPD is input inefficient in many precincts (mean IOTA score .40) but slightly more output efficient (mean IOTA score .50). The most efficient precincts and boroughs are also identified to set performance benchmarks for frisks within theNYPD. According to the input-oriented results (the equity side), there should havebeen 1,091,846 fewer frisks given theoutputs produced (arrests, guns, and contraband), and the output-oriented results (effectiveness side) suggest theNYPD should have produced 179,056more arrests, found 6,306 more pistols and found 59,883 more instances of contraband to be technically efficient, given the level frisks throughout the NYPD. Though a certain amount of inefficiency is enshrined in the frisk decision, these results are placed in the context of police actions and outcomes in the NYPD over this time period, and are used to inform both sides of the current debate. This research is unique to the police efficiency literature and sets the foundation for future research that fully models efficiency antecedents as well as the outcomes that result from inefficient frisks.
Article The Efficiency of Frisks in the NYPD, 2004–2010
"... NewYorkPoliceDepartment (NYPD) stop and friskpolicy has comeunder increasing scrutiny in recent years and has been analyzed exclusively in terms of its equity and effectiveness. This study adds a third approach of policy outcome analysis—technical efficiency—by employing a pooled data envelopment an ..."
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NewYorkPoliceDepartment (NYPD) stop and friskpolicy has comeunder increasing scrutiny in recent years and has been analyzed exclusively in terms of its equity and effectiveness. This study adds a third approach of policy outcome analysis—technical efficiency—by employing a pooled data envelopment analysis of all Stop, Question, and Frisk data from all NYPD precincts from 2004 through 2010 (3,410,300 total stops resulting in 1,721,955 total frisks). The results reveal that the NYPD is input inefficient in many precincts (mean IOTA score .40) but slightly more output efficient (mean IOTA score .50). The most efficient precincts and boroughs are also identified to set performance benchmarks for frisks within theNYPD. According to the input-oriented results (the equity side), there should havebeen 1,091,846 fewer frisks given theoutputs produced (arrests, guns, and contraband), and the output-oriented results (effectiveness side) suggest theNYPD should have produced 179,056more arrests, found 6,306 more pistols and found 59,883 more instances of contraband to be technically efficient, given the level frisks throughout the NYPD. Though a certain amount of inefficiency is enshrined in the frisk decision, these results are placed in the context of police actions and outcomes in the NYPD over this time period, and are used to inform both sides of the current debate. This research is unique to the police efficiency literature and sets the foundation for future research that fully models efficiency antecedents as well as the outcomes that result from inefficient frisks.
UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF PAROCHIAL CONTROL IN A DISADVANTAGED BROOKLYN COMMUNITY
, 2012
"... written under the direction of ..."
Neighborhood Variation in Police Stops and Searches: A Test of Consensus and Conflict Perspectives
"... This study examines consensus and conflict approaches to explaining police stop and search rates in 94 neighborhoods. Police deployment, racial threat, race-out-of-place, and social conditioning perspectives were analyzed. Models were based on 206,083 stops and 38,493 searches controlling for racial ..."
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This study examines consensus and conflict approaches to explaining police stop and search rates in 94 neighborhoods. Police deployment, racial threat, race-out-of-place, and social conditioning perspectives were analyzed. Models were based on 206,083 stops and 38,493 searches controlling for racial/ethnic makeup, citizen calls for service, disadvantage, prior violent crime suspect rates, time of day, and spatial autocorrelation. The results supported both police deployment and race out of place arguments. Policy implications focus on the need for police and community to fully understand and mutually agree on the relevance of both consensus and conflict perspectives.
New York City: Evaluating the Impact of Broken Windows Policing and Crack Cocaine Markets
"... The current study evaluated a range of social influences including misdemeanor arrests, drug arrests, cocaine consumption, alcohol consumption, firearm availability, and incarceration that may be associated with changes in gun-related homicides by racial/ethnic group in New York City (NYC) from 1990 ..."
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The current study evaluated a range of social influences including misdemeanor arrests, drug arrests, cocaine consumption, alcohol consumption, firearm availability, and incarceration that may be associated with changes in gun-related homicides by racial/ethnic group in New York City (NYC) from 1990 to 1999. Using police precincts as the unit of analysis, we used cross-sectional, time series data to examine changes in Black, White, and Hispanic homicides, separately. Bayesian hierarchical models with a spatial error term indicated that an increase in cocaine consumption was associated with an increase in Black homicides. An increase in firearm availability was associated with an increase in Hispanic homicides. Last, there were no significant predictors for White homicides. Support was found for the crack cocaine hypotheses but not for the broken windows hypothesis. Examining racially/ethnically disaggregated data can shed light on group-sensitive mechanisms that may explain changes in homicide over time.
