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The Effects of Motherhood Timing on Career Path
- Journal of Population Economics
, 2011
"... This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using national panel data from the NLSY79, and biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables for the age at which a woman bears her first child. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in career earnings, a ..."
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This paper estimates the effects of motherhood timing on female career path, using national panel data from the NLSY79, and biological fertility shocks as instrumental variables for the age at which a woman bears her first child. Motherhood delay leads to a substantial increase in career earnings, a smaller increase in wage rates, and an increase in career hours worked. The postponement wage premium is largest for college-educated women, and those in professional, managerial, and clerical occupations. Family leave laws do not significantly influence the premium. Conversely, using measured aptitude level as an instrumental variable for expected future earnings, we show that higher expected career earnings lead women to postpone childbearing. 1
What Do Social Scientists Know About the Benefits of Marriage? A Review of Quantitative Methodologies. IZA Discussion Paper No 998
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Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of the institute.
The Mommy Track Divides: The Impact of Childbearing on
- the Wages of Women of Differing Skill Levels.” Unpublished
"... Speros provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been su ..."
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Cited by 40 (0 self)
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Speros provided excellent research assistance. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications.
The Motherhood Wage Gap for Women in the United States: The Importance of College and Fertility Delay.” Review of Economics of the Household 3, 1 (March 2005): 17-48. [NLSY79] Blackburn, McKinley L. “The Role of Test Scores in Explaining Race and Gender D
- NLSY79] Caputo, Richard K. “Inheritance and Intergenerational Transmission of Parental Care.” Marriage and Family Review 37, 1/2 (2005): 107-27. [Young Women] Chapple, Constance L.; Hope, Trina L.; and Whiteford, Scott W. “The Direct and Indirect Effects
, 2004
"... One of the stylized facts from the past thirty years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Martin 2000). What are some of the factors behind women’s decision to postpone t ..."
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Cited by 34 (0 self)
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One of the stylized facts from the past thirty years has been the declining rate of first births before age 30 for all women and the increase rate of first births after age 30 among women with four-year college degrees (Martin 2000). What are some of the factors behind women’s decision to postpone their childbearing? We hypothesize that the wage difference often observed between like-educated mothers and non-mothers (Waldfogel 1998) may be affected by the postponement of childbearing until after careers are fully established. Hence, we focus on college-educated women because they are typically more career-oriented than their non-college educated counterparts and also the group most often observed postponing maternity. We use individual-level data on women from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) in order to control for individual-level unobserved heterogeneity as well as human capital characteristics, such as actual work experience, in our empirical analysis. We estimate wage equations, first producing base-line results to compare to the existing literature. Then, we expand the basic wage equation model to address fundamental econometric issues and the education/fertility issue at hand. Our empirical findings are two-fold. First, we find that
Cohabitation and Declining Marriage Premium for Men
- Work and Occupations
"... This article estimates themarriage effect onmen’s earnings using an alternate definition ofmar-ital status in which cohabitation is added as an additional category and using data from the 1976-1999 Current Population Surveys. Results show that the downward trend in the “marriage premium ” is not as ..."
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This article estimates themarriage effect onmen’s earnings using an alternate definition ofmar-ital status in which cohabitation is added as an additional category and using data from the 1976-1999 Current Population Surveys. Results show that the downward trend in the “marriage premium ” is not as steep when cohabitors are excluded from the never-married reference group. The findings suggest that men’s benefits frommarriage have not declined as sharply as has been thought and highlight the importance of the diversity of family forms in studies of inequality. Future research that considersmarital status should take into account the growing population of cohabitors.
2006: The costs of motherhood: an analysis using matching estimators
- Journal of Applied Econometrics
"... Abstract In this paper we analyse whether motherhood causes lower wages for women. Importantly, covariates are likely to be affected by motherhood giving rise to indirect effects. We estimate net effects of motherhood on wages implementing matching and find significantly negative impacts. To learn ..."
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Abstract In this paper we analyse whether motherhood causes lower wages for women. Importantly, covariates are likely to be affected by motherhood giving rise to indirect effects. We estimate net effects of motherhood on wages implementing matching and find significantly negative impacts. To learn about direct effects we implement two strategies: Firstly, we confine the analysis to consider sector specific treatment effects. We find differences in impacts across sectors, likely to be due to considerable job flexibility in the public sector. Secondly, we impose additive separability on the outcome equation and perform residual based matching and find small direct effects. JEL Classifications: C13, C14, C35, J13, J31, J45, J71
Has the price of motherhood declined over time? A crosscohort comparison of the motherhood wage penalty
- Journal of Marriage and Family
, 2003
"... Several recent studies have shown a negative as-sociation between motherhood and wages. How-ever, an analysis of change over time in the moth-erhood penalty has not been conducted. Using two cohorts of young women drawn from the 1975– 1985 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women and the 1986–199 ..."
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Several recent studies have shown a negative as-sociation between motherhood and wages. How-ever, an analysis of change over time in the moth-erhood penalty has not been conducted. Using two cohorts of young women drawn from the 1975– 1985 National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women and the 1986–1998 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we explicitly test the relationship between motherhood and wages across two co-horts and examine whether that relationship has changed. Even after controlling for unobserved heterogeneity and human capital variables, each additional child is associated with a negative ef-fect on women’s wages. Moreover, our findings suggest that the penalty has not diminished over time. As the 21st century begins, women may be ap-proaching equality, but mothers are still far be-
Establishment-level wage effects of entering motherhood, Oxford Economic Papers, 61, this issue
, 2009
"... We analyse the wage effects following employment breaks of women who enter motherhood using a novel matching approach where mothers ’ wages upon return to work are compared to those of their female colleagues within the same establishment. Using an administrative German data set, we apply a fixed-ef ..."
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We analyse the wage effects following employment breaks of women who enter motherhood using a novel matching approach where mothers ’ wages upon return to work are compared to those of their female colleagues within the same establishment. Using an administrative German data set, we apply a fixed-effects propensity score matching based on information two years before birth of the first child. Our results yield new insights into the nature of the wage penalty associated with motherhood: when matching with establishment-specific effects we find that first births reduce women’s wages by 19%, whereas ignoring the identifier and matching across all estab-lishments would yield a wage cut of 26%. We therefore conclude that selection into establishments is an important explanatory factor for the family pay gap. JEL classifications: J13, J31, C14.
Maternal Employment and Family Caregiving: Rethinking Time With Children in the ATUS,” unpublished paper prepared for the ATUS Early Results Conference
, 2005
"... ABSTRACT: In this paper, we employ the ATUS and the historical time diary studies in the U.S. to extend the picture we have of maternal employment and its relationship to other facets of family life. First, we document trends in parents ’ time spent in paid work, housework and childcare over the per ..."
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ABSTRACT: In this paper, we employ the ATUS and the historical time diary studies in the U.S. to extend the picture we have of maternal employment and its relationship to other facets of family life. First, we document trends in parents ’ time spent in paid work, housework and childcare over the period of rising maternal employment. Second, we focus on differences in selected time use activities of mothers by employment status. Third, we examine the new measure of “secondary ” childcare offered in the 2003 ATUS, compare it with past measurement, and explore how new ATUS estimates add to our conceptualization of childcare time. 1 One of the most important trends to alter family life in the latter half of the 20th century was the increase in women’s labor market opportunities and employment outside the home. In the U.S., the employment of mothers with children under age 18 increased from 45 to 78 percent between 1965 and 2000 with the increase in full-year employment (50+ weeks) rising from 19 to 57 percent during the same period (Bianchi and Raley 2005: Table 2.2). Recent evidence suggests that mothers ’ employment rates may have
Gender Differences in Physician Pay: Tradeoffs between Career and Family
- Journal of Human Resources
, 2005
"... you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact inform ..."
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you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at
