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17
The GF Resource grammar library
- August
, 2002
"... The GF Resource Grammar Library is a set of natural language grammars implemented in GF (Grammatical Framework). These grammars are in a strong sense parallel: they are built upon a common abstract syntax, i.e. a common tree structure. Individual languages are obtained via compositional mappings fro ..."
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Cited by 32 (7 self)
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The GF Resource Grammar Library is a set of natural language grammars implemented in GF (Grammatical Framework). These grammars are in a strong sense parallel: they are built upon a common abstract syntax, i.e. a common tree structure. Individual languages are obtained via compositional mappings from abstract syntax trees to feature structures specific to each language. The grammar defines, for each language, a complete set of morphological paradigms and a syntax fragment comparable to CLE (Core Language Engine). It is available as open-source software under the GNU LGPL License.
Translating formal software specifications to natural language/a grammar based approach
- In Proceedings of Logical Aspects of Computational Linguistics (LACL’05
, 2005
"... Abstract. We describe a system for automatically translating formal software specifications to natural language. The system produces natural language which is acceptable to a human reader, and it supports byhand optimization by users who are not experts of our system. The translation system is imple ..."
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Cited by 20 (1 self)
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Abstract. We describe a system for automatically translating formal software specifications to natural language. The system produces natural language which is acceptable to a human reader, and it supports byhand optimization by users who are not experts of our system. The translation system is implemented using the Grammatical Framework, a grammar formalism based on Martin-Löf’s type theory. We show that this grammar-based approach scales well enough to handle a non-trivial case study: translating the Object Constraint Language specifications of the Java Card API into English. 1
Realization of natural language interfaces using lazy functional programming
- ACM Comp. Surv. 38(4) Article
, 2006
"... The construction of natural language interfaces to computers continues to be a major challenge. The need for such interfaces is growing now that speech recognition technology is becoming more readily available, and people cannot speak those computer-oriented formal languages that are frequently used ..."
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Cited by 10 (2 self)
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The construction of natural language interfaces to computers continues to be a major challenge. The need for such interfaces is growing now that speech recognition technology is becoming more readily available, and people cannot speak those computer-oriented formal languages that are frequently used to interact with computer applications. Much of the research related to the design and implementation of natural language interfaces has involved the use of high-level declarative programming languages. This is to be expected as the task is extremely difficult, involving syntactic and semantic analysis of potentially ambiguous input. The use of LISP and Prolog in this area is well documented. However, research involving the relatively new lazy functional programming paradigm is less well known. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of that research.
Interactive Multilingual Web Applications with Grammatical Framework
"... Abstract. We present an approach to multilingual web content based on multilingual grammars and syntax editing for a controlled language. Content can be edited in any supported language and it is automatically kept within a controlled language fragment. We have implemented a web-based syntax editor ..."
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Cited by 5 (1 self)
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Abstract. We present an approach to multilingual web content based on multilingual grammars and syntax editing for a controlled language. Content can be edited in any supported language and it is automatically kept within a controlled language fragment. We have implemented a web-based syntax editor for Grammatical Framework (GF) grammars which allows both direct abstract syntax tree manipulation and text input in any of the languages supported by the grammar. With this syntax editor and the GF JavaScript API, GF grammars can be used to build multilingual web applications. As a demonstration, we have implemented an example application in which users can add, edit and review restaurants in English, Spanish and Swedish. 1
Formal and informal software specifications
, 2005
"... The topic of this thesis is to bridge the gap between formal and informal software specifications. Formal specifications are required for the use of formal methods to verify the correctness of software. If we expect formal methods to be used in realistic software development projects, we need to ena ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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The topic of this thesis is to bridge the gap between formal and informal software specifications. Formal specifications are required for the use of formal methods to verify the correctness of software. If we expect formal methods to be used in realistic software development projects, we need to enable people with varying levels of familiarity with formal specification languages to understand, maintain and create formal specifications. To address these problems, we provide a tool for translating specifications written in the formal language OCL, a substandard of UML, to natural language. We also provide a multilingual, syntax-directed editor where OCL and natural language specifications can be edited in parallel. The implementation of our work is to a large extent based on the Grammatical Framework (GF). GF is a grammar formalism based on type theory, which provides a special purpose language for defining grammars, and a compiler for this language. We have developed a GF grammar for specifications
Grammatical Framework (GF) for MT in sublanguage domains
"... Grammatical Framework (GF) is a meta-language for multilingual linguistic descriptions, which can be used to build rule-based interlingua MT applications in natural sublanguage domains. The GF open-source package contains linguistic and computational resources to facilitate language engineering incl ..."
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Grammatical Framework (GF) is a meta-language for multilingual linguistic descriptions, which can be used to build rule-based interlingua MT applications in natural sublanguage domains. The GF open-source package contains linguistic and computational resources to facilitate language engineering including: a resource grammar library for ten languages, a user interface for multilingual authoring and a grammar development environment. 1
Realization of Natural-Language Interfaces Using Lazy Functional Programming
- ACM Comput. Surv
"... The construction of natural-language interfaces to computers continues to be a major challenge. The need for such interfaces is growing now that speech-recognition technology is becoming morereadily available, and people cannot speak those computer-oriented formal languages that are frequently used ..."
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Cited by 1 (1 self)
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The construction of natural-language interfaces to computers continues to be a major challenge. The need for such interfaces is growing now that speech-recognition technology is becoming morereadily available, and people cannot speak those computer-oriented formal languages that are frequently used to interact with computer applications. Much of the research related to the design and implementation of natural-language interfaces has involved the use of high-level declarative programming languages. This is to be expected as the task is extremely difficult, involving syntactic and semantic analysis of potentially-ambiguous input. The use of LISP and Prolog in this area is well documented. However, research involving the relatively-new lazy functional-programming paradigm is less well known. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of that research.
Embedded Controlled Languages
"... Abstract. Inspired by embedded programming languages, an embedded CNL (controlled natural language) is a proper fragment of an entire natural language (its host language), but it has a parser that recognizes the entire host language. This makes it possible to process out-of-CNL input and give useful ..."
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Abstract. Inspired by embedded programming languages, an embedded CNL (controlled natural language) is a proper fragment of an entire natural language (its host language), but it has a parser that recognizes the entire host language. This makes it possible to process out-of-CNL input and give useful feedback to users, instead of just reporting syntax errors. This extended abstract explains the main concepts of embedded CNL implementation in GF (Grammatical Frame-work), with examples from machine translation and some other ongoing work.
Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Language Engineering in Grammatical Framework (GF)
, 2006
"... The basis for the work presented is Grammatical Framework (GF) — a grammar formalism based on type theory. It is also a powerful language processor that provides a convenient framework for various multilingual applications. The primary concern of this thesis is the usage of GF as a piece of softwar ..."
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The basis for the work presented is Grammatical Framework (GF) — a grammar formalism based on type theory. It is also a powerful language processor that provides a convenient framework for various multilingual applications. The primary concern of this thesis is the usage of GF as a piece of software. The main results are: • Implementing a syntax editor, which provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for the command-line GF core. • Writing the Russian resource grammar that takes care of the most basic morphological and syntactic rules and serves as a standard library for building application grammars (describing sublanguage domains) in Russian. These results contribute to language engineering in GF on two different levels: • Author level (end-user) — constructing documents in natural languages. • Grammarian level — building a grammar description, which is later used on the author level. One can also distinguish between application and resource grammars. An application grammar focuses of a particular sub-language domain, while resource grammar is a general-purpose grammar that forms a basis for application grammars.
