ABSTRACT: Hybrid composites of polypropylene reinforced with bamboo and glass fibers (BGRP) were fabricated using an intermeshing counter rotating twin screw extruder followed by injection molding. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) has been used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial interaction between the fibers and matrix. The mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were studied from tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Mechanical tests indicated an increase in tensile, flexural, and impact strength of the BGRP hybrid composites at a bamboo:glass fiber ratio of 15:15 ratio in the presence of 2wt % of MAPP. Nearly, 69, 86, and 83% increase in tensile flexural and impact strength respectively has been observed as compared with virgin PP. The fiber matrix interfacial morphology of the tensile fractured specimens was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which showed less fiber pullout and comparatively less gaps between the fiber and the base matrix in the case of MAPP treated hybrid composites. The crystallization, melting behavior and thermal stability of the hybrid composites were investigated employing differential scanning electron microscopy (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed an increase in thermal stability of the matrix polymer with incorporation of bamboo and glass fibers, confirming

Background: The glycoprotein CD30 is expressed and released by T lymphocytes that secrete type 2 helper cytokines of (TH2). These molecules play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. Venom immunotherapy has proven to be very effective in hymenoptera venom allergy through a shift in cytokine production from TH2-type cytokines to TH1-type cytokines. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between the soluble form of CD30 (sCD30) and venom immunotherapy in patients with hymenoptera venom allergy. Materials and Methods: sCD30 levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the sera of 61 healthy controls and 14 patients with hymenoptera venom allergy who had undergone immunotherapy before treatment and 1, 3, and 12 months after treatment started. Nine patients were allergic to Apis venom, 4 to Vespula venom, and 1 to Polistes venom. Results: CD30 serum levels (median, interquartile range) were signifi cantly higher in venom-allergic patients before treatment (33.6 U/mL; 14.8-61.6) than in controls (9.7 U/mL, 1.9-21.3) (P <.000). These levels decreased progressively during treatment in all patients except 2 (P <.000). At the third month of therapy, the levels reached statistical signifi cance in comparison with baseline. Conclusions: This study shows that sCD30 levels are signifi cantly higher in patients with hymenoptera venom allergy and indirectly confi rms a preferential TH2-type cytokine production in these patients. sCD30 expression decreases during immunotherapy, thus confi rming the immunomodulatory role of this treatment in promoting a shift to TH1-type cytokines. Key words: Hymenoptera venom. Allergy. CD30 serum levels. Immunotherapy.