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122
Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature.
- Psychological Science,
, 2001
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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta–analytic and theoretical review
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2000
"... Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, de ..."
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Cited by 234 (7 self)
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Common maxims about beauty suggest that attractiveness is not important in life. In contrast, both fitness-related evolutionary theory and socialization theory suggest that attractiveness influences development and interaction. In 11 meta-analyses, the authors evaluate these contradictory claims, demonstrating that (a) raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures; (b) attractive children and adults are judged more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; (c) attractive children and adults are treated more positively than unattractive children and adults, even by those who know them; and (d) attractive children and adults exhibit more positive behaviors and traits than unattractive children and adults. Results are used to evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty. I cannot say often enough how much I consider beauty a powerful and advantageous quality. Socrates called it "A short tyranny, " and Plato, '~Fhe privilege of nature. " We have no quality that surpasses it in credit. It holds the first place in human relations; it presents itself before the rest, seduces and prepossesses our judgment with great authority and a wondrous impression.--Montaigne, Essays
On the universality and cultural specificity of emotion recognition: A meta-analysis
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2002
"... All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. ..."
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Cited by 190 (23 self)
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All in-text references underlined in blue are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately.
Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
, 1998
"... A research synthesis was conducted to examine the relationship between a written emotional expres-sion task and subsequent health. This writing task was found to lead to significantly improved health outcomes inhealthy participants. Health was enhanced in4 outcome types--reported physical health, ps ..."
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Cited by 147 (0 self)
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A research synthesis was conducted to examine the relationship between a written emotional expres-sion task and subsequent health. This writing task was found to lead to significantly improved health outcomes inhealthy participants. Health was enhanced in4 outcome types--reported physical health, psychological well-being, physiological functioning, and general functioning--but health behaviors were not influenced. Writing also increased immediate (pre- to postwriting) distress, which was unrelated to health outcomes. The relation between written emotional expression and health was moderated by a number of variables, including the use of college students as participants, gender, duration of the manipulation, publication status of the study, and specific writing content instructions. Emotional expression has long been given a central role in the study and practice of psychology. Both historically and recently, psychologists have cited the expression of emotions as vital for good mental and physical health, although the inhibition of emotion was considered eleterious (e.g., Breuer & Freud, 1895/1966; Grinker & Spiegel, 1945; Rachman, 1980; Scheff, 1979). More recently, there has been a growing body of litera-ture suggesting that emotional expression has salutary health
The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, methods, and reporting in controlled clinical trials
, 2004
"... This article provides a critical review of the assumptions and findings of studies used to establish psychotherapies as empirically supported. The attempt to identify empirically supported therapies (ESTs) imposes particular assumptions on the use of randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology tha ..."
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Cited by 107 (3 self)
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This article provides a critical review of the assumptions and findings of studies used to establish psychotherapies as empirically supported. The attempt to identify empirically supported therapies (ESTs) imposes particular assumptions on the use of randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology that appear to be valid for some disorders and treatments (notably exposure-based treatments of specific anxiety symptoms) but substantially violated for others. Meta-analytic studies support a more nuanced view of treatment efficacy than implied by a dichotomous judgment of supported versus unsupported. The authors recommend changes in reporting practices to maximize the clinical utility of RCTs, describe alternative methodologies that may be useful when the assumptions underlying EST methodology are violated, and suggest a shift from validating treatment packages to testing intervention strategies and theories of change that clinicians can integrate into empirically informed therapies.
Child witnesses to domestic violence: A metaanalytic review
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
, 2003
"... This meta-analysis examined 118 studies of the psychosocial outcomes of children exposed to interparental violence. Correlational studies showed a significant association between exposure and child problems (d � � �0.29). Group comparison studies showed that witnesses had significantly worse outcom ..."
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Cited by 92 (0 self)
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This meta-analysis examined 118 studies of the psychosocial outcomes of children exposed to interparental violence. Correlational studies showed a significant association between exposure and child problems (d � � �0.29). Group comparison studies showed that witnesses had significantly worse outcomes relative to nonwitnesses (d � ��0.40) and children from verbally aggressive homes (d � � �0.28), but witnesses ’ outcomes were not significantly different from those of physically abused children (d � � 0.15) or physically abused witnesses (d � � 0.13). Several methodological variables moderated these results. Similar effects were found across a range of outcomes, with slight evidence for greater risk among preschoolers. Recommendations for future research are made, taking into account practical and theoretical issues in this area. In the past several decades, researchers, clinicians, and policymakers have expressed increasing concern that children who witness marital violence may suffer negative consequences even when they are not themselves the target of violence (Osofsky, 1995). However, research on children who witness marital violence is much less extensive than research on children who are the
Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2008
"... Do differences in individualism and collectivism influence values, self-concept content, relational assumptions, and cognitive style? On the one hand, the cross-national literature provides an impressively consistent picture of the predicted systematic differences; on the other hand, the nature of t ..."
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Cited by 81 (6 self)
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Do differences in individualism and collectivism influence values, self-concept content, relational assumptions, and cognitive style? On the one hand, the cross-national literature provides an impressively consistent picture of the predicted systematic differences; on the other hand, the nature of the evidence is inconclusive. Cross-national evidence is insufficient to argue for a causal process, and comparative data cannot specify if effects are due to both individualism and collectivism, only individualism, only collectivism, or other factors (including other aspects of culture). To address these issues, the authors conducted a meta-analysis of the individualism and collectivism priming literature, with follow-up moderator analyses. Effect sizes were moderate for relationality and cognition, small for self-concept and values, robust across priming methods and dependent variables, and consistent in direction and size with cross-national effects. Results lend support to a situated model of culture in which cross-national differences are not static but dynamically consistent due to the chronic and moment-to-moment salience of individualism and collectivism. Examination of the unique effects of individualism and collectivism versus other cultural factors (e.g., honor, power) awaits the availability of research that primes these factors.
The forgotten ones? The validity of consideration and initiating structure in leadership research
- Journal of Applied Psychology
, 2004
"... This study provided a meta-analysis of the relationship of the Ohio State leadership behaviorsConsideration and Initiating Structure-with leadership. Overall, 163 independent correlations for Consideration and 159 correlations for Initiating Structure were analyzed. Results revealed that both Consi ..."
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Cited by 80 (3 self)
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This study provided a meta-analysis of the relationship of the Ohio State leadership behaviorsConsideration and Initiating Structure-with leadership. Overall, 163 independent correlations for Consideration and 159 correlations for Initiating Structure were analyzed. Results revealed that both Consideration (.48) and Initiating Structure (.29) have moderately strong, nonzero relations with leadership outcomes. Consideration was more strongly related to follower satisfaction (leader satisfaction, job satisfaction), motivation, and leader effectiveness, and Initiating Structure was slightly more strongly related to leader job performance and group-organization performance. Validities did vary by leadership measure, but in most cases validities generalized regardless of the measure used. Overall, the results provide important support for the validity of Initiating Structure and Consideration in leadership research.
Psychology will be a much better science when we change the way we analyze data
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
, 1996
"... because I believed that within it dwelt some of the most fundamental and challenging problems of the extant sciences. Who could not be intrigued, for example, by the relation between consciousness and behavior, or the rules guiding interactions in social situations, or the processes that underlie de ..."
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Cited by 78 (3 self)
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because I believed that within it dwelt some of the most fundamental and challenging problems of the extant sciences. Who could not be intrigued, for example, by the relation between consciousness and behavior, or the rules guiding interactions in social situations, or the processes that underlie development from infancy to maturity? Today, in 1996, my fascination with these problems is undiminished. But I've developed a certain angst over the intervening thirtysomething years—a constant, nagging feeling that our field spends a lot of time spinning its wheels without really making all that much progress. This problem shows up in obvious ways—for instance, in the regularity with which findings seem not to replicate. It also shows up in subtler ways—for instance, one doesn't often hear Psychologists saying, "Well this problem is solved now; let's move on to the next one " (as, for example, Johannes Kepler must have said over three centuries ago, after he had cracked the problem of describing planetary motion). I've come to believe that at least part of this problem revolves around our tools—particularly the tools that we use in the critical domains of data analysis and data interpretation. What we do, I sometimes feel, is akin to trying to build a violin using a stone mallet and a chain-saw. The tool-to-task fit is not all that good, and as a result, we wind up building a lot of poor-quality violins. My purpose here is to elaborate on these issues. In what follows, I will summarize our major data-analysis and data-interpretation tools, and describe what I believe to be amiss with them. I will then offer some suggestions for change.
A meta-analysis of massage therapy research
- Pscyhological Bulletin
, 2004
"... Massage therapy (MT) is an ancient form of treatment that is now gaining popularity as part of the complementary and alternative medical therapy movement. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that used random assignment to test the effectiveness of MT. Mean effect sizes were calculated from 37 s ..."
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Cited by 60 (0 self)
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Massage therapy (MT) is an ancient form of treatment that is now gaining popularity as part of the complementary and alternative medical therapy movement. A meta-analysis was conducted of studies that used random assignment to test the effectiveness of MT. Mean effect sizes were calculated from 37 studies for 9 dependent variables. Single applications of MT reduced state anxiety, blood pressure, and heart rate but not negative mood, immediate assessment of pain, and cortisol level. Multiple applications reduced delayed assessment of pain. Reductions of trait anxiety and depression were MT’s largest effects, with a course of treatment providing benefits similar in magnitude to those of psychotherapy. No moderators were statistically significant, though continued testing is needed. The limitations of a medical model of MT are discussed, and it is proposed that new MT theories and research use a psychotherapy perspective. Massage therapy (MT), the manual manipulation of soft tissue intended to promote health and well-being, has a history extending back several thousand years. Recorded in writing as far back as 2000 B.C. (Fritz, 2000, p. 13), massage was a part of many ancient cultures including that of the Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks, Hindus,
