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Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being

by Richard M. Ryan, Edward L. Deci - American Psychologist , 2000
"... Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theo~ has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus fores ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1636 (40 self) - Add to MetaCart
Human beings can be proactive and engaged or, alternatively, passive and alienated, largely as a function of the social conditions in which they develop and function. Accordingly, research guided by self-determination theo~ has focused on the social-contextual conditions that facilitate versus forestall the natural processes of self-motivation and healthy psychological development. Specifically, factors have been examined that enhance versus undermine intrinsic motivation, self-regulation, and well-being. The findings have led to the postulate of three innate psychological needs--competence, autonomy, and relatedness-which when satisfied yield enhanced self-motivation and mental health and when thwarted lead to diminished motivation and well-being. Also considered is the significance of these psychological needs and processes within domains
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The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior

by Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan , 2000
"... Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motiva-tion requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, auton-omy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the nece ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1105 (36 self) - Add to MetaCart
Self-determination theory (SDT) maintains that an understanding of human motiva-tion requires a consideration of innate psychological needs for competence, auton-omy, and relatedness. We discuss the SDT concept of needs as it relates to previous need theories, emphasizing that needs specify the necessary conditions for psycholog-ical growth, integrity, and well-being. This concept of needs leads to the hypotheses that different regulatory processes underlying goal pursuits are differentially associated with effective functioning and well-being and also that different goal contents have different relations to the quality of behavior and mental health, specifically be-cause different regulatory processes and different goal contents are associated with differing degrees of need satisfaction. Social contexts and individual differences that support satisfaction of the basic needs facilitate natural growth processes including intrinsically motivated behavior and integration of extrinsic motivations, whereas those that forestall autonomy, competence, or relatedness are associated with poorer motivation, performance, and well-being. We also discuss the relation of the psycho-logical needs to cultural values, evolutionary processes, and other contemporary motivation theories. Most contemporary theories of motivation assume that people initiate and persist at behaviors to the ex-tent that they believe the behaviors will lead to desired outcomes or goals. Beginning with the work of Lewin (1936) and Tolman (1932), this premise has led moti-vation researchers to explore the psychological value people ascribe to goals (e.g., T. Kasser & Ryan, 1996; Vroom, 1964), people’s expectations about attaining goals (e.g., Abramson, Seligman, & Teasdale, 1978;

Timperly H. The power of feedback

by John Hattie, Helen Timperley, John Hattie, Helen Timperley - Review of Educational Research
"... can be found at:Review of Educational ResearchAdditional services and information for ..."
Abstract - Cited by 290 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
can be found at:Review of Educational ResearchAdditional services and information for

Self-determination theory and work motivation

by Marylè Ne Gagné , Edward L Deci - Journal of Organizational Behavior , 2005
"... Summary Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work sett ..."
Abstract - Cited by 238 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
Summary Cognitive evaluation theory, which explains the effects of extrinsic motivators on intrinsic motivation, received some initial attention in the organizational literature. However, the simple dichotomy between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation made the theory difficult to apply to work settings. Differentiating extrinsic motivation into types that differ in their degree of autonomy led to self-determination theory, which has received widespread attention in the education, health care, and sport domains. This article describes self-determination theory as a theory of work motivation and shows its relevance to theories of organizational behavior.
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Using social psychology to motivate contributions to online communities

by Gerard Beenen, Kimberly Ling, Xiaoqing Wang, Klarissa Chang, Dan Frankowski, Paul Resnick, Robert E. Kraut - Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. doi:10.1145/ 1031607.1031642 , 2004
"... Under-contribution is a problem for many online communities. Social psychology theories of social loafing and goal-setting can provide mid-level design principles to address this problem. We tested the design principles in two field experiments. In one, members of an online movie recommender communi ..."
Abstract - Cited by 226 (11 self) - Add to MetaCart
Under-contribution is a problem for many online communities. Social psychology theories of social loafing and goal-setting can provide mid-level design principles to address this problem. We tested the design principles in two field experiments. In one, members of an online movie recommender community were reminded of the uniqueness of their contributions and the benefits that follow from them. In the second, they were given a range of individual or group goals for contribution. As predicted by theory, individuals contributed when they were reminded of their uniqueness and when they were given specific and challenging goals, but other predictions were not borne out. The paper ends with suggestions and challenges for mining social science theories as well as implications for design.
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Motivation crowding theory

by Bruno S. Frey, Reto Jegen - Journal of Economic Surveys , 2001
"... Abstract. The Motivation Crowding Effect suggests that external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine, and under different identifiable conditions strengthen, intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of motivation crowding has been the main subject o ..."
Abstract - Cited by 203 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract. The Motivation Crowding Effect suggests that external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine, and under different identifiable conditions strengthen, intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of motivation crowding has been the main subject of discussion among economists. This study demonstrates that the effect is also of empirical relevance. There exist a large number of studies, offering empirical evidence in support of the existence of crowding-out and crowding-in. The study is based on circumstantial evidence, laboratory studies by both psychologists and economists, as well as field research by econometric studies. The pieces of evidence presented refer to a wide variety of areas of the economy and society and have been collected for many different countries and periods of time. Crowding effects thus are an empirically relevant phenomenon, which can, in specific cases, even dominate the traditional relative price effect.

Understanding the motivations, participation, and performance of open-source software developers: A longitudinal study of the apache projects

by Jeffrey A. Roberts, Il-horn Hann, Sandra A. Slaughter - Management Science
"... doi 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554 ..."
Abstract - Cited by 134 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
doi 10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554
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Pride and prejudice: The human side of incentive theory

by Tore Ellingsen, Magnus Johannesson, John Moore, Jean-robert Tyran - American Economic Review , 2008
"... (Under revision) Many people are sensitive to social esteem, and their pride is a source of pro–social behavior. We present a game-theoretic model in which sensitivity to esteem varies across players and may depend on context as well players ’ beliefs about their opponents. For example, the pride as ..."
Abstract - Cited by 128 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
(Under revision) Many people are sensitive to social esteem, and their pride is a source of pro–social behavior. We present a game-theoretic model in which sensitivity to esteem varies across players and may depend on context as well players ’ beliefs about their opponents. For example, the pride associated with a generous image is greater when the player holding the image is in fact generous and believes the observers to be generous as well. The model can account both for the fact that players ’ behavior sometimes depends on the opponents ’ unchosen options and for the prevalence of small symbolic gifts. Perhaps most importantly, the model offers an explanation for motivational crowding out: Control systems and pecuniary incentives may erode morale by signaling to the agent that the principal is not worth impressing.

Psychological foundations of incentives

by Ernst Fehr, Armin Falk , 2002
"... During the last two decades economists have made much progress in understanding incentives, contracts and organizations. Yet, they constrained their attention to a very narrow and empirically questionable view of human motivation. The purpose of this paper is to show that this narrow view of human m ..."
Abstract - Cited by 127 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart
During the last two decades economists have made much progress in understanding incentives, contracts and organizations. Yet, they constrained their attention to a very narrow and empirically questionable view of human motivation. The purpose of this paper is to show that this narrow view of human motivation may severely limit understanding the determinants and effects of incentives. Economists may fail to understand the levels and the changes in behaviour if they neglect motives like the desire to reciprocate or the desire to avoid social disapproval. We show that monetary incentives may backfire and reduce the performance of agents or their compliance with rules. In addition, these motives may generate very powerful incentives themselves.

Motivation crowding theory: A survey of empirical evidence.

by Bruno S Frey , Reto Jegen , Bruno S Frey , Reto Jegen - Journal of Economic Surveys, , 2001
"... Abstract: The motivation crowding effect suggests that an external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine (and under different indentifiable conditions strengthen) intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of crowding effects is widely accepted among ..."
Abstract - Cited by 125 (16 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract: The motivation crowding effect suggests that an external intervention via monetary incentives or punishments may undermine (and under different indentifiable conditions strengthen) intrinsic motivation. As of today, the theoretical possibility of crowding effects is widely accepted among economists. Many of them, however, have been critical about its empirical relevance. This survey shows that such scepticism is unwarranted and that there exists indeed compelling empirical evidence for the existence of crowding out and crowding in. It is based on circumstantial insight, laboratory studies by both psychologists and economists as well as field research by econometric studies. The presented pieces of evidence refer to a wide variety of areas of the economy and society and have been collected for many different countries and periods. Crowding effects thus are an empirically relevant phenomenon, which can, in specific cases, even dominate the traditional relative price effect.
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