Sleep disturbances are common in older adults. These disturbances are often sec-ondary to medical illness and/or medication use or are due to specific problems such as sleep dis-ordered breathing, periodic limb movements in sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances. The prevalence of sleep disordered breathing and periodic limb movement in sleep increases with age. The circadian rhythm tends to advance with age, causing older people to awaken early in the morning. Insomnia is often caused by pain associated with medical illness. Insomnia can also be caused by stimulating medications. In institutionalized elderly, sleep becomes even more disturbed and fragmented than in community-dwelling older adults. Accurate assessment and diagnosis is crucial since effective treatment strategies are available for these sleep disturbances. The effect, prevalence and treatment of each of these conditions is reviewed. © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd AS THE POPULATION ages, the medical and psychological problems specific to older adults become increasingly important. One such problem is that of poor sleep. Over the last few decades, the field of sleep research has examined a number of disorders and dysfunctions which affect the sleep of older adults and has developed treatments for a number of these problems. This article begins with a brief discussion of what

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This study investigated the perception of NCE teacher trainers on the causes and treatment of sleepwalking disorder in children. Descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A sample of sixty respondents (thirty males and thirty females) where selected for the study. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. Data was collected using structured questionnaire [NCE Trainers Perception of the Causes and Treatment of Sleepwalking Disorder in Children (NTPCTSD)] designed by the researchers. Simple percentages were used for analyzing the data. The result showed that respondents indicated Tiredness (98.1 %), Night mare (83.6%), Fever (70.1%) and sleep deprivation (67.6%) as the causes of sleepwalking disorder.The study also revealed that majority of the respondents perceived anticipatory awakening (98%) as a vital treatment of sleep walking disorder. Based on the findings recommendations are made.

Abstract- The case study illustrates the management of a young female, referred to as “Amrita”, who presented with features of depression along with death wishes and decline in her personal, social and occupational performance. Assessments through Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) revealed features of moderate level of depressive features. Nine sessions of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was conducted including one follow up session. Amrita’s progress throughout the treatment sessions is illustrated in detail in the following case study report. Results corroborate to the previous studies of efficacy of CBT for use with depression. The purpose of the therapy was exploration and resolution of the maladaptive thoughts, feelings and behaviour for a greater sense of autonomy, well being; achieving higher levels of functioning and problem-solving along with developing insight and personality growth. The purpose of the case study report was also exploration of the reasons for discontinuation for the booster sessions.

Abstract—Welfare may be considered to be a subjective experience; it has a biological function that is related to the fitness and survival of the animal accordingly, researches have suggested that welfare is compromised when the animal's evolutionary fitness is reduced. This study was carried out to explain the effect of some managerial stressors as handling and restraint on behavioral patterns and biochemical parameters of rats. A total of 24 (12 males & 12 females) Sprague-Dawley rats (12 months & 150-180g) were allotted into 3 groups, handled group (4 male & 4 female), restrained group (4 male & 4 female) and control group (4 males & 4 females). The obtained results revealed that time spent feeding, drinking, movement and cage exploration frequencies increased significantly in handled rats than other groups, while lying time and licking increased significantly in restrained rats than handled and controls. Moreover, social behavior decreased in both stressed groups than control. Triglycerides were significantly increased in handled rats than other groups, while total lipid, total protein and globulin significantly increased in both treated groups than control. Corticosterone increased in restrained and handled rats than control ones. Moreover, there was an increment in packed cell volume significantly in restrained rats than others. These deducted that if we want to study the effect of stress on animal welfare it is necessary to study the effect of such stressors on animal’s behavior and physiological responses. Keywords—Behavior, handling, restraint, rat, welfare.

Two hundred eight pesticide formulators, 172 pes-ticide applicators, and 223 control subjects (72 from an urban region matching the pesticide formulators and 151 from a rural area matching the pesticide applicators) underwent psychiatric assessment. The study aimed to screen for psychiatric morbidity using a standardized screening tool, the General Health Questionnaire, and a widely recognized sys-tem of diagnosis and classification, the revised third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (DSM-III-R). Sig-nificantly higher frequencies of psychiatric disor-ders were found in the exposed groups. The pre-dominant diagnosis was depressive neurosis; the most frequent symptoms were irritability and erec-tile dysfunction. Theoretical and practical impli-cations of these findings are discussed. © 1997 Aca-demic Press