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328
The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
- PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN
, 2005
"... Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness–success link exists not only because succes ..."
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Cited by 446 (43 self)
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Numerous studies show that happy individuals are successful across multiple life domains, including marriage, friendship, income, work performance, and health. The authors suggest a conceptual model to account for these findings, arguing that the happiness–success link exists not only because success makes people happy, but also because positive affect engenders success. Three classes of evidence—crosssectional, longitudinal, and experimental—are documented to test their model. Relevant studies are described and their effect sizes combined meta-analytically. The results reveal that happiness is associated with and precedes numerous successful outcomes, as well as behaviors paralleling success. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that positive affect—the hallmark of well-being—may be the cause of many of the desirable characteristics, resources, and successes correlated with happiness. Limitations, empirical issues, and important future research questions are discussed.
Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2002
"... This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which ..."
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Cited by 185 (9 self)
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This review organizes a variety of phenomena related to emotional self-report. In doing so, the authors offer an accessibility model that specifies the types of factors that contribute to emotional self-reports under different reporting conditions. One important distinction is between emotion, which is episodic, experiential, and contextual, and beliefs about emotion, which are semantic, conceptual, and decontex-tualized. This distinction is important in understanding the discrepancies that often occur when people are asked to report on feelings they are currently experiencing versus those that they are not currently experiencing. The accessibility model provides an organizing framework for understanding self-reports of emotion and suggests some new directions for research. Emotions are momentary experiences that are intimately tied to the ebb and flow of everyday life, but people also possess gener-representations, whereas emotions are episodic occurrences, emo-tional experience and beliefs about emotion often diverge. This less-than-perfect correspondence has important consequences for understanding emotional self-report. In this article, we explore the
Feeling good-doing good: a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship
- Psychological Bulletin
, 1992
"... Five forms of organizational spontaneity are described (helping co-workers, protecting the organi-zation, making constructive suggestions, developing oneself, and spreading goodwill). Organiza-tional spontaneity is compared with the seemingly analogous constructs of organizational citizen-ship behav ..."
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Cited by 181 (1 self)
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Five forms of organizational spontaneity are described (helping co-workers, protecting the organi-zation, making constructive suggestions, developing oneself, and spreading goodwill). Organiza-tional spontaneity is compared with the seemingly analogous constructs of organizational citizen-ship behavior and prosocial organizational behavior. Based on a selective review of the literature, a multilevel model of spontaneity is presented. Positive mood at work is a pivotal construct in the model and posited as the direct precursor of organizational spontaneity. Primary work-group char-acteristics, the affective tone of the primary work group, affective disposition, life event history, and contextual characteristics are proposed to have direct or indirect effects, or both, on positive mood at work. Motivational bases of organizational spontaneity also are described. The model and its implications are discussed. The word spontaneous is derived from the Latin sponte, which means of one's free will or voluntarily. Katz (1964) uses the word spontaneous to describe one of three types of behav-ioral patterns that he claims are essential for a functioning orga-nization. The other two essential organizational behaviors are
Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one’s cool
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2000
"... An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether motion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests hat expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that ..."
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Cited by 172 (28 self)
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An emerging literature has begun to document the affective consequences of emotion regulation. Little is known, however, about whether motion regulation also has cognitive consequences. A process model of emotion suggests hat expressive suppression should reduce memory for emotional events but that reappraisal should not. Three studies tested this hypothesis. Study 1 experimentally manipulated expressive suppression during film viewing, showing that suppression led to poorer memory f r the details of the film. Study 2 manipulated expressive suppression a d reappraisal during slide viewing. Only suppression ledto poorer slide memory. Study 3 examined individual differences in typi al expressive suppression a d reappraisal and found that suppression was associated with poorer self-reported and objective memory but tha reappraisal was not. Together, these studies suggest that he cognitive costs of keeping one's cool may vary according tohow this is done. Western culture is decidedly ambivalent about emotions. On the one hand, ' emotions are seen as wanton marauders that supplant good judgment with primitive, immature, and destructive thoughts and impulses (Young, 1943). On the other hand, emotions are seen as indispensable guardians of our well-being that direct our re-
Testing a tripartite model: Evaluating the convergent and discriminant validity of anxiety and depression symptom scales
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
, 1995
"... L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and l ..."
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Cited by 148 (1 self)
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L. A. Clark and D. Watson (1991) proposed a tripartite model that groups symptoms of depression and anxiety into 3 subtypes: symptoms of general distress that are largely nonspecific, manifestations of somatic tension and arousal that are relatively unique to anxiety, and symptoms of anhedonia and low Positive Affect that are specific to depression. This model was tested in 5 samples (3 student, 1 adult, and 1 patient sample) using the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ; D. Watson & L. A. Clark, 1991), which was designed to assess the hypothesized symptom groups, together with other symptom and cognition measures. Consistent with the tripartite model, the MASQ Anxious Arousal and Anhedonic Depression scales both differentiated anxiety and depres-sion well and also showed excellent convergent validity. Thus, differentiation of these constructs can be improved by focusing on symptoms that are relatively unique to each. Phenomenologically, anxiety and depression are clearly dis-tinct from one another. Anxiety is centered on the emotion of fear and involves feelings of worry, apprehension, and dread; in contrast, depression is dominated by the emotion of sadness and is associated with feelings of sorrow, hopelessness, and gloom (Izard, 1972; Watson & Kendall, 1989). Nevertheless, de-spite their seeming distinctiveness, it has proven difficult to dis-tinguish these constructs empirically (Clark & Watson, 1991; Kendall & Watson, 1989; Maser & Cloninger, 1990). Many studies have shown that self-report measures of anxiety and depression are highly correlated, with coefficients typically in the.45 to.75 range (Clark & Watson, 1991). This finding is robust across normal individuals of differing ages, including college students (e.g., Gotlib, 1984; Tanaka-Matsumi & Ka-
Does positive affect influence health
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2005
"... This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symp ..."
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Cited by 125 (2 self)
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This review highlights consistent patterns in the literature associating positive affect (PA) and physical health. However, it also raises serious conceptual and methodological reservations. Evidence suggests an association of trait PA and lower morbidity and of state and trait PA and decreased symptoms and pain. Trait PA is also associated with increased longevity among older community-dwelling individuals. The literature on PA and surviving serious illness is inconsistent. Experimentally inducing intense bouts of activated state PA triggers short-term rises in physiological arousal and associated (potentially harmful) effects on immune, cardiovascular, and pulmonary function. However, arousing effects of state PA are not generally found in naturalistic ambulatory studies in which bouts of PA are typically less intense and often associated with health protective responses. A theoretical framework to guide further study is proposed.
2003), “Understanding the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Physical Health: Do Negative Emotions Play a Role
- Psychological Bulletin 129(1): 10-51 Glied, Sherry and Adriana Lleras-Muney (2003), “Health Inequality, Education and Medical Innovation,” NBER Working Paper #9738
"... In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the author ..."
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Cited by 123 (7 self)
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In this article, the authors evaluate the possible roles of negative emotions and cognitions in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and physical health, focusing on the outcomes of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. After reviewing the limited direct evidence, the authors examine indirect evidence showing that (a) SES relates to the targeted health outcomes, (b) SES relates to negative emotions and cognitions, and (c) negative emotions and cognitions relate to the targeted health outcomes. The authors present a general framework for understanding the roles of cognitive– emotional factors, suggesting that low-SES environments are stressful and reduce individuals ’ reserve capacity to manage stress, thereby increasing vulnerability to negative emotions and cognitions. The article concludes with suggestions for future research to better evaluate the proposed model. Health disparities associated with socioeconomic status (SES) have existed for centuries (G. D. Smith, Carroll, Rankin, & Rowan, 1992) and have been recognized by researchers for many decades (Chapin, 1924; Warren & Sydenstricker, 1916). Recent research within the United States and other industrialized countries demonstrates that SES is associated with diverse health outcomes (Adler, Marmot, McEwen, & Stewart, 1999), and some evidence suggests that SES inequalities in mortality may even be widening
Crombez G: Pain demands attention: A cognitive-affective model of the interruptive function of pain. Psychol Bull
, 1999
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The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: Development and Validation
"... In Study 1, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was administered to 425 undergraduates. Analyses yielded a three component solution comprising (a) rumination, (b) magnification, and (c) helplessness. In Study 2, 30 undergraduate participants were classified as catastrophizers (n = 15) or noncatastr ..."
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Cited by 111 (11 self)
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In Study 1, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was administered to 425 undergraduates. Analyses yielded a three component solution comprising (a) rumination, (b) magnification, and (c) helplessness. In Study 2, 30 undergraduate participants were classified as catastrophizers (n = 15) or noncatastrophizers (n = 15) on the basis of their PCS scores and participated in an cold pressor procedure. Catastrophizers reported significantly more negative pain-related thoughts, greater emotional distress, and greater pain intensity than noncatastrophizers. Study 3 examined the relation between PCS scores, negative pain-related thoughts, and distress in 28 individuals undergoing an aversive electrodiagnostic medical procedure. Catastrophizers reported more negative pain-related thoughts, more emotional distress, and more pain than noncatastrophizers. Study 4 examined the relation between the PCS and measures of depression, trait anxiety, negative affectivity, and fear of pain. Analyses revealed moderate correlations among these measures, but only the PCS contributed significant unique variance to the prediction of pain intensity. The role of Catastrophizing in mediating responses to pain has received considerable attention in recent years (Chaves & Brown,
Assessment and prediction of stress-related growth
- Journal of Personality
, 1996
"... ABSTRACT This article reports the development of the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS) atid its use in a study examining determinants of stress-related positive outcomes for college students. Study 1 analyses showed that the SRGS has acceptable internal and test-retest reliability and that scores a ..."
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Cited by 87 (2 self)
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ABSTRACT This article reports the development of the Stress-Related Growth Scale (SRGS) atid its use in a study examining determinants of stress-related positive outcomes for college students. Study 1 analyses showed that the SRGS has acceptable internal and test-retest reliability and that scores are not influenced by social desirability. Study 2 analyses showed that college stu-dents ' SRGS responses were significantly related to those provided by friends and relatives on their behalf. Study 3 analyses tested tbe determinants of stress-related growth longitudinally. Significant predictors of the SRGS were (a) intrinsic religiousness; {b) social support satisfaction; (c) stressfulness of tbe negative event; {d) positive reinterpretation and acceptance coping; and (e) number of recent positive life events. Tbe SRGS was also positively related to residual cbange in optimism, positive affectivity, number of socially supportive otbers, and social support satisfaction, lending furtber support to tbe validity of tbis new scale. Results bave implications for current tbeory on stress-related positive outcomes. The major focus of stress and coping research has been on negative outcomes and adjustment and on identifying variables that mitigate the stress-distress relationship (Cohen, 1988). Although the reasoning be-We thank Susan Folkman and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier version of this article. Requests for reprints and a copy of the Stress-Related
