Results 11 - 20
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8,097
Behavioral treatment and normal educational and intellectual functioning in young autistic children
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
, 1987
"... Autism is a serious psychological disorder with onset in early childhood. Autistic children show minimal emotional ttachment, absent or abnormal speech, retarded IQ, ritualistic behaviors, ag-gression, and self-injury. The prognosis i very poor, and medical therapies have not proven effective. This ..."
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Autism is a serious psychological disorder with onset in early childhood. Autistic children show minimal emotional ttachment, absent or abnormal speech, retarded IQ, ritualistic behaviors, ag-gression, and self-injury. The prognosis i very poor, and medical therapies have not proven effective. This article reports the results of behavior modification treatment for two groups of similarly consti-tuted, young autistic hildren. Follow-up data from an intensive, long-term experimental reatment group (n = 19) showed that 47 % achieved normal intellectual nd educational functioning, with normal-range IQ scores and successful first grade performance in public schools. Another 40 % were mildly retarded and assigned to special classes for the language delayed, and only 10 % were pro-foundly retarded and assigned to classes for the autistic/retarded. In contrast, only 2 % of the control-group children (n = 40) achieved normal educational nd intellectual functioning; 45 % were mildly retarded and placed in language-delayed classes, and 53 % were severely retarded and placed in autis-tic/retarded classes. Kanner (1943) defined autistic hildren as children who ex-hibit (a) serious failure to develop relationships with other peo-ple before 30 months of age, (b) problems in development of
Positive psychology progress: empirical validation of interventions
- American Psychologist
, 2005
"... Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of th ..."
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Cited by 283 (2 self)
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Positive psychology has flourished in the last 5 years. The authors review recent developments in the field, including books, meetings, courses, and conferences. They also discuss the newly created classification of character strengths and virtues, a positive complement to the various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (e. g., American Psychiatric Association, 1994), and present some cross-cultural findings that suggest a surprising ubiquity of strengths and virtues. Finally, the authors focus on psychological interventions that increase individual happiness. In a 6-group, random-assignment, placebocontrolled Internet study, the authors tested 5 purported happiness interventions and 1 plausible control exercise. They found that 3 of the interventions lastingly increased happiness and decreased depressive symptoms. Positive interventions can supplement traditional interventions that relieve suffering and may someday be the practical legacy of positive psychology.
Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem
- In
, 1999
"... Conventional wisdom has regarded low self-esteem asan important cause of violence, but the oppo-site view is theoretically viable. An interdisciplinary review of evidence about aggression, crime, and violence contradicted the view that low self-esteem is an important cause. Instead, violence appears ..."
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Cited by 269 (7 self)
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Conventional wisdom has regarded low self-esteem asan important cause of violence, but the oppo-site view is theoretically viable. An interdisciplinary review of evidence about aggression, crime, and violence contradicted the view that low self-esteem is an important cause. Instead, violence appears to be most commonly a result of threatened gotismwthat is, highly favorable views of self that are disputed by some person or circumstance. Inflated, unstable, or tentative beliefs in the self's uperi-ority may be most prone to encountering threats and hence to causing violence. The mediating process may involve directing anger outward as a way of avoiding a downward revision of the self-concept. Only a minority of human violence can be understood as ra-tional, instrumental behavior aimed at securing or protecting ma-terial rewards. The pragmatic futility of most violence has been widely recognized: Wars harm both sides, most crimes yield little financial gain, terrorism and assassination almost never bring about he desired political changes, most rapes fail to bring sexual pleasure, torture rarely elicits accurate or useful information, and most murderers oon regret heir actions as pointless and self-
The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 1999
"... D. Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual " structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx. The authors " review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the ev ..."
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Cited by 250 (3 self)
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D. Watson and A. Tellegen (19X5') proposed a "consensual " structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplcx. The authors " review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplcx does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the model's dimensions are not entirely independent: moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness—Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobchavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders. On the basis of a review and reanalysis of the existing data, Watson and Tellegen (1985) concluded that "a basic twodimensional structure of affect emerges across a number of different lines of research and a very large number of analyses " (p. 234).
Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies
- In R. Bull (Ed.), Children and the
, 2001
"... A review of 45 studies clearly demonstrated that sexually abused children had more symptoms than nonabused children, with abuse accounting for 15-45 % of the variance. Fears, posttraumatic stress disorder, behavior problems, sexualized behaviors, and poor self-esteem occurred most frequently among a ..."
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A review of 45 studies clearly demonstrated that sexually abused children had more symptoms than nonabused children, with abuse accounting for 15-45 % of the variance. Fears, posttraumatic stress disorder, behavior problems, sexualized behaviors, and poor self-esteem occurred most frequently among a long list of symptoms noted, but no one symptom characterized a majority of sexually abused children. Some symptoms were specific to certain ages, and approximately one third of victims had no symptoms. Penetration, the duration and frequency of the abuse, force, the relation-ship of the perpetrator to the child, and maternal support affected the degree of symptomatology. About two thirds of the victimized children showed recovery during the first 12-18 months. The findings suggest the absence of any specific syndrome in children who have been sexually abused and no single traumatizing process. Until recently, the literature on the impact of child sexual abuse consisted disproportionately of retrospective studies of adults. For example, the conclusions of a widely cited review (Browne & Finkelhor, 1986) were based on only 4 studies of children, compared with 23 studies of adults. Not surprisingly,
The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system
- Psychological Review
, 2000
"... The authors describe a model of autobiographical memory in which memories are transitory mental constructions within a self-memory system (SMS). The SMS contains an autobiographical knowledge base and current goals of the working self. Within the SMS, control processes modulate access to the knowled ..."
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Cited by 245 (3 self)
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The authors describe a model of autobiographical memory in which memories are transitory mental constructions within a self-memory system (SMS). The SMS contains an autobiographical knowledge base and current goals of the working self. Within the SMS, control processes modulate access to the knowledge base by successively shaping cues used to activate autobiographical memory knowledge structures and, in this way, form specific memories. The relation of the knowledge base to active goals is reciprocal, and the knowledge base "grounds " the goals of the working self. It is shown how this model can be used to draw together a wide range of diverse data from cognitive, social, developmental, personality, clinical, and neuropsychological autobiographical memory research. Autobiographical memory is of fundamental significance for the self, for emotions, and for the experience of personhood, that is, for the experience of enduring as an individual, in a culture, over time. As a consequence autobiographical memory is researched in many different subareas of psychology, for example, cognitive, social, developmental, clinical, and neuropsychology to name only some of the most prominent. However, research findings and
A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity.
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
, 1988
"... We examined the internal and external validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Study 1 explored the internal structure of the NPI responses of 1,018 subjects. Using principal-components analysis, we analyzed the tetrachoric correlations among the NPI item responses and found eviden ..."
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Cited by 209 (1 self)
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We examined the internal and external validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI). Study 1 explored the internal structure of the NPI responses of 1,018 subjects. Using principal-components analysis, we analyzed the tetrachoric correlations among the NPI item responses and found evidence for a general construct of narcissism as well as seven first-order components, identified as Authority, Exhibitionism, Superiority, Vanity, Exploitativeness, Entitlement, and Self-Sufficiency. Study 2 explored the NPI's construct validity with respect to a variety of indexes derived from observational and self-report data in a sample of 57 subjects. Study 3 investigated the NPI's construct validity with respect to 128 subjects' self and ideal self-descriptions, and their congruency, on the Leary Interpersonal Check List. The results from Studies 2 and 3 tend to support the construct validity of the full-scale NPI and its component scales. As other psychological constructs come and go, the concept of narcissism has had a long, and in many ways, formidable history. Narcissism was first introduced into psychological literature in 1898, when Havelock Ellis used the term Narcissuslike to refer to "a tendency for the sexual emotions to be lost and almost entirely absorbed in self admiration" (Ellis, 1898). Shortly after this reference appeared, Nacke (1899) wrote a German summary of the Ellis paper in which he used the term Narcismus to refer to a sexual perversion whereby a person treats his or her own body as a sexual object. Although Nacke was an obscure figure in German psychiatry at the time, his reference to narcissism caught Freud's attention. Apparently the concept of narcissism made a deep impression on Freud, for by 1914 narcissism had become a focal construct in his metapsychological and clinical thinking, so much so that contemporary historians of the psychoanalytic movement generally agree that Freud's explorations into narcissism were central to the development of his (a) structural model (id, ego, and superego); (b) concept of the ego ideal and subsequently the superego; (c) shift from an id psychology to an ego psychology; and (d) object relations theory (e.g., As with many of Freud's more important concepts, his thinking pertaining to narcissism tended to follow two separate yet interdependent lines of development. On the one hand, narcissism served as an aid for his metapsychological theorizing, whereas on the other, narcissism served as a diagnostic category that he used to refer to a variety of observable clinical phenom- We would like to thank Kenneth Craik, John Kamp, Jill Novacek, and Dan Ozer for their helpful comments in developing this article. Free copies of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory are available to anyone who wishes to use it for research purposes. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Robert Raskin, Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720. choice in which the self plays a more important part in the object relationship than the real aspects of the object; (d) as a mode of relating to the environment that is characterized by a relative lack of object or interpersonal relations; (e) as a mechanism for the establishment of the ego's ideals; (f) as a primary ingredient in the development and maintenance of self-esteem; and (g) as a conditioning factor of repression In contrast to these highly abstract metapsychological formulations, Freud's clinical uses for the term narcissism included the following behavioral phenomena: (a) a set of attitudes a person has toward oneself, including self-love, self-admiration, and self-aggrandizement; (b) several kinds of fears or vulnerabilities related to a person's self-esteem that include the fear of loss of love and the fear of failure; (c) a general defensive orientation that includes megalomania, idealization, denial, projection, and splitting; (d) motivation in terms of the need to be loved, as well as strivings for self-sufficiency and for perfection; and (e) a constellation of attitudes that may characterize a person's relationships with others. This constellation includes exhibitionism, feelings of entitlement involving the expectation of special privileges over others and special exemptions from normal social demands, a tendency to see others as extensions of oneself, feelings and thoughts of omnipotency involving the control of others, an intolerance for criticism from others that involves the perception of criticism as a demand for changing oneself, a tendency to be critical of others who are different from oneself, suspiciousness, jealousy, and a tendency to focus on one's own mental products. 890
Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
, 1997
"... Previous studies have found a subgroup of people with autism or Asperger Syndrome who pass second-order tests of theory of mind. However, such tests have a ceiling in developmental terms corresponding to a mental age of about 6 years. It is therefore impossible to say if such individuals are intact ..."
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Cited by 208 (17 self)
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Previous studies have found a subgroup of people with autism or Asperger Syndrome who pass second-order tests of theory of mind. However, such tests have a ceiling in developmental terms corresponding to a mental age of about 6 years. It is therefore impossible to say if such individuals are intact or impaired in their theory of mind skills. We report the performance of very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger Syndrome on an adult test of theory of mind ability. The task involved inferring the mental state of a person just from the information in photographs of a person's eyes. Relative to age-matched normal controls and a clinical control group (adults with Tourette Syndrome), the group with autism and Asperger Syndrome were significantly impaired on this task. The autism and Asperger Syndrome sample was also impaired on Happe's strange stories tasks. In contrast, they were unimpaired on two control tasks: recognising gender from the eye region of the face, and recognising basic emotions from the whole face. This provides evidence for subtle mindreading deficits in very high functioning individuals on the autistic continuum.
Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory
- Psychol Bull
, 1987
"... A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differen ..."
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Cited by 198 (7 self)
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A large body of evidence indicates that women are more likely than men to show unipolar depression. Five classes of explanations for these sex differences are examined and the evidence for each class is reviewed. Not one of these explanations adequately accounts for the magnitude of the sex differences in depression. Finally, a response set explanation for the sex differences in depression is proposed. According to this explanation, men are more likely to engage in distracting behaviors that dampen their mood when depressed, but women are more likely to amplify their moods by ruminating about their depressed states and the possible causes of these states. Regardless of the initial source of a depressive episode (i.e., biological or psychological) men's more active responses to their negative moods may be more adaptive on average than women's less active, more ruminative responses. The epidemiology of a disorder can provide important clues to its etiology. When a disorder only strikes persons from one geographical region, one social class, or one gender, we can ask what characteristics of the vulnerable group might be making its members vulnerable. A frequent finding in epidemiological studies of mental disorders
Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
, 2000
"... This study evaluated mindfuiness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), a group intervention designed to train recovered recurrently depressed patients to disengage from dysphoria-activated d pressogenic thinking that may mediate relapse/recurrence. Recovered recurrently depressed patients (n = 145) were r ..."
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Cited by 190 (11 self)
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This study evaluated mindfuiness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), a group intervention designed to train recovered recurrently depressed patients to disengage from dysphoria-activated d pressogenic thinking that may mediate relapse/recurrence. Recovered recurrently depressed patients (n = 145) were randomized to continue with treatment asusual or, in addition, to receive MBCT. Relapse/recurrence to major depression was assessed over a 60-week study period. For patients with 3 or more previous episodes of depression (77 % of the sample), MBCT significantly reduced risk of relapse/recurrence. For patients with only 2 previous episodes, MBCT did not reduce relapse/recurrence. MBCT offers a promising cost-efficient psychological approach to preventing relapse/recurrence i r covered recurrently depressed patients. Relapse and recurrence following successful treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) is common and often carries massive