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279
Collection Tree Protocol.
- Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys’09),
, 2009
"... Abstract This paper presents and evaluates two principles for wireless routing protocols. The first is datapath validation: data traffic quickly discovers and fixes routing inconsistencies. The second is adaptive beaconing: extending the Trickle algorithm to routing control traffic reduces route re ..."
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Cited by 339 (16 self)
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Abstract This paper presents and evaluates two principles for wireless routing protocols. The first is datapath validation: data traffic quickly discovers and fixes routing inconsistencies. The second is adaptive beaconing: extending the Trickle algorithm to routing control traffic reduces route repair latency and sends fewer beacons. We evaluate datapath validation and adaptive beaconing in CTP Noe, a sensor network tree collection protocol. We use 12 different testbeds ranging in size from 20-310 nodes, comprising seven platforms, and six different link layers, on both interference-free and interference-prone channels. In all cases, CTP Noe delivers > 90% of packets. Many experiments achieve 99.9%. Compared to standard beaconing, CTP Noe sends 73% fewer beacons while reducing topology repair latency by 99.8%. Finally, when using low-power link layers, CTP Noe has duty cycles of 3% while supporting aggregate loads of 30 packets/minute.
Four-Bit Wireless Link Estimation
"... We consider the problem of estimating link quality in an ad-hoc wireless mesh. We argue that estimating links well requires combining information from the network, link, and physical layers. We propose narrow, protocol-independent link estimation interfaces for the layers, which in total provide fou ..."
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Cited by 108 (10 self)
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We consider the problem of estimating link quality in an ad-hoc wireless mesh. We argue that estimating links well requires combining information from the network, link, and physical layers. We propose narrow, protocol-independent link estimation interfaces for the layers, which in total provide four bits of information: 1 from the physical layer, 1 from the link layer, and 2 from the network layer. We present a link estimator design with these interfaces that reduces packet delivery costs by up to 44 % over current approaches and maintains a 99 % delivery ratio over large, multihop testbeds. 1
The design and implementation of a declarative sensor network system
- In ACM SenSys
, 2006
"... Sensor networks are notoriously difficult to program, given that they encompass the complexities of both distributed and embedded systems. To address this problem, we present the design and implementation of a declarative sensor network platform, DSN: a declarative language, compiler and runtime sui ..."
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Cited by 95 (11 self)
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Sensor networks are notoriously difficult to program, given that they encompass the complexities of both distributed and embedded systems. To address this problem, we present the design and implementation of a declarative sensor network platform, DSN: a declarative language, compiler and runtime suitable for programming a broad range of sensornet applications. We demonstrate that our approach is a natural fit for sensor networks by specifying several very different classes of traditional sensor network protocols, services and applications entirely declaratively – these include tree and geographic routing, link estimation, data collection, event tracking, version coherency, and localization. To our knowledge, this is the first time these disparate sensornet tasks have been addressed by a single high-level programming environment. Moreover, the declarative approach accommodates the desire for architectural flexibility and simple management of limited resources. Our results suggest that the declarative approach is well-suited to sensor networks, and that it can produce concise and flexible code by focusing on what the code is doing, and not on how it is doing it.
Flush: A reliable bulk transport protocol for multihop wireless networks
- In submission
, 2007
"... We present Flush, a reliable, high goodput bulk data transport protocol for wireless sensor networks. Flush provides end-to-end reliability, reduces transfer time, and adapts to time-varying network conditions. It achieves these properties using end-to-end acknowledgments, implicit snooping of contr ..."
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Cited by 92 (11 self)
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We present Flush, a reliable, high goodput bulk data transport protocol for wireless sensor networks. Flush provides end-to-end reliability, reduces transfer time, and adapts to time-varying network conditions. It achieves these properties using end-to-end acknowledgments, implicit snooping of control information, and a rate-control algorithm that operates at each hop along a flow. Using several real network topologies, we show that Flush closely tracks or exceeds the maximum goodput achievable by a hand-tuned but fixed rate for each hop over a wide range of path lengths and varying network conditions. Flush is scalable; its effective bandwidth over a 48-hop wireless network is approximately one-third of the rate achievable over one hop. The design of Flush is simplified by assuming that different flows do not interfere with each other, a reasonable restriction for many sensornet applications that collect bulk data in a coordinated fashion, like structural health monitoring, volcanic activity monitoring, or protocol evaluation. We collected all of the performance data presented in this paper using Flush itself.
Eon: A Language and Runtime System for Perpetual Systems
- In Proceedings of The Fifth International ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys ’07), Syndey
, 2007
"... A key goal of mobile computing is untethering devices from wires, making them truly portable. While mobile devices can make use of wireless communication for network connectivity, they are still dependent on an electrical connection for continued operation. This need for tethering to available elect ..."
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Cited by 86 (6 self)
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A key goal of mobile computing is untethering devices from wires, making them truly portable. While mobile devices can make use of wireless communication for network connectivity, they are still dependent on an electrical connection for continued operation. This need for tethering to available electricity significantly limits their range, usefulness, and manageability. Environmental energy harvesting—collecting energy from the sun, wind, heat differentials, and motion—offers the prospect of unprecedented, large-scale deployments of perpetual mobile systems that never need to be recharged. However, programming these systems presents new challenges: perpetual systems must adapt dynamically to available energy, delivering higher service levels when energy is plentiful, while consuming less energy when energy is scarce. This paper presents eFlux, a high-level energy-aware programming language and associated runtime system that specifically targets perpetual mobile systems. eFlux programmers build programs from components written in C or NesC and label flows through the program with different energy-states. The deployed program then adapts to current energy levels by changing energy states, turning flows on and off and adjusting their rates. We demonstrate eFlux’s utility and portability with two perpetual applications deployed on widely different hardware platforms: a solar-powered web server for remote, ad-hoc deployments, and a GPS-based location tracking sensor that we have deployed on a threatened species of turtle as well as on automobiles. 1
Programming Wireless Sensor Networks: Fundamental Concepts and State-of-the-Art
"... Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting great interest in a number of application domains concerned with monitoring and control of physical phenomena, as they enable dense and untethered deployments at low cost and with unprecedented flexibility. However, application development is still one ..."
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Cited by 81 (12 self)
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting great interest in a number of application domains concerned with monitoring and control of physical phenomena, as they enable dense and untethered deployments at low cost and with unprecedented flexibility. However, application development is still one of the main hurdles to a wide adoption of WSN technology. In current real-world WSN deployments, programming is typically carried out very close to the operating system, therefore requiring the programmer to focus on low-level system issues. This not only shifts the focus of the programmer away from the application logic, but also requires a technical background that is rarely found among application domain experts. The need for appropriate high-level programming abstractions, capable to simplify the programming chore without sacrificing efficiency, has been long recognized and several solutions have been hitherto proposed, which differ along many dimensions. In this paper, we survey the state-of-the-art in programming approaches for WSNs. We begin by presenting a taxonomy of WSN applications, to identify the fundamental requirements programming platforms must deal with. Then, we introduce a taxonomy of WSN programming approaches that captures the fundamental differences among existing solutions, and constitutes the core contribution of this paper. Our presentation style relies on concrete examples and code snippets taken from programming platforms representative of the taxonomy dimensions being discussed. We use the taxonomy to provide an exhaustive classification of existing approaches. Moreover, we also map existing approaches back to the application requirements, therefore providing not only a complete view of the state-of-the-art, but also useful insights for selecting the programming abstraction most appropriate to the application at hand.
The design and evaluation of a hybrid sensor network for cane-toad monitoring
, 2005
"... in Sensor Networks (IPSN/SPOTS) [Hu et al. 2005]. The paper features newer results on improving the lifetime of the sensor network for cane-toad monitoring through harvesting-aware sensor duty cycling algorithms. ..."
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Cited by 76 (8 self)
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in Sensor Networks (IPSN/SPOTS) [Hu et al. 2005]. The paper features newer results on improving the lifetime of the sensor network for cane-toad monitoring through harvesting-aware sensor duty cycling algorithms.
RACNet: A High-Fidelity Data Center Sensing Network
"... RACNet is a sensor network for monitoring a data center’s environmental conditions. The high spatial and temporal fidelity measurements that RACNet provides can be used to improve the data center’s safety and energy efficiency. RACNet overcomes the network’s large scale and density and the data cent ..."
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Cited by 59 (8 self)
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RACNet is a sensor network for monitoring a data center’s environmental conditions. The high spatial and temporal fidelity measurements that RACNet provides can be used to improve the data center’s safety and energy efficiency. RACNet overcomes the network’s large scale and density and the data center’s harsh RF environment to achieve data yields of 99 % or higher over a wide range of network sizes and sampling frequencies. It does so through a novel Wireless Reliable Acquisition Protocol (WRAP). WRAP decouples topology control from data collection and implements a token passing mechanism to provide network-wide arbitration. This congestion avoidance philosophy is conceptually different from existing congestion control algorithms that retroactively respond to congestion. Furthermore, WRAP adaptively distributes nodes among multiple frequency channels to balance load and lower data latency. Results from two testbeds and an ongoing production data center deployment indicate that RACNet outperforms previous data collection systems, especially as network load increases.
Leakage-Aware Energy Synchronization for Wireless Sensor Networks. MobiSys ’09
"... To ensure sustainable operations of wireless sensor systems, environmental energy harvesting has been regarded as the right solution for long-term applications. In energy-dynamic environments, energy conservation is no longer considered necessarily beneficial, because energy storage units (e.g., bat ..."
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Cited by 50 (9 self)
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To ensure sustainable operations of wireless sensor systems, environmental energy harvesting has been regarded as the right solution for long-term applications. In energy-dynamic environments, energy conservation is no longer considered necessarily beneficial, because energy storage units (e.g., batteries or capacitors) are limited in capacity and leakageprone. In contrast to legacy energy conservation approaches, we aim at energy synchronization for wireless sensor devices. The starting point of this work is TwinStar, which uses ultra-capacitor as the only energy storage unit. To efficiently use the harvested energy, we design and implement leakage-aware feedback control techniques to match local and network-wide activity of sensor nodes with the dynamic energy supply from environments. We conduct system evaluation under three typical real-world settings — indoor, outdoor, and mobile backpack under a wide range of system settings. Results indicate our leakage-aware control can effectively utilize energy that could otherwise leak away. Nodes running leakage-aware control can enjoy 70% more energy than the ones running non-leakage-aware control and application performance (e.g., event detection) can be improved significantly.
Radio link quality estimation in wireless sensor networks: a survey
- ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN
"... Radio link quality estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has a fundamental impact on the network performance and affects as well the design of higher layer protocols. Therefore, since about a decade, it has been attracting a vast array of research works. Reported works on link quality estima ..."
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Cited by 44 (4 self)
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Radio link quality estimation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) has a fundamental impact on the network performance and affects as well the design of higher layer protocols. Therefore, since about a decade, it has been attracting a vast array of research works. Reported works on link quality estimation are typically based on different assumptions, consider different scenarios, and provide radically different (and sometimes contradictory) results. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on related literature, covering the characteristics of low-power links, the fundamental concepts of link quality estimation in WSNs, a taxonomy of existing link quality estimators, and their performance analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first survey tackling in detail link quality estimation in WSNs. We believe our efforts will serve as a
