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111
Traffic engineering with traditional IP routing protocols
- IEEE Communications Magazine
, 2002
"... Traffic engineering involves adapting the routing of traffic to the network conditions, with the joint goals of good user performance and efficient use of network resources. In this paper, we describe an approach to intradomain traffic engineering that works within the existing deployed base of Inte ..."
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Cited by 182 (21 self)
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Traffic engineering involves adapting the routing of traffic to the network conditions, with the joint goals of good user performance and efficient use of network resources. In this paper, we describe an approach to intradomain traffic engineering that works within the existing deployed base of Interior Gateway Protocols (IGPs), such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS). We explain how to adapt the configuration of link weights, based on a network-wide view of the traffic and topology within a domain. In addition, we summarize the results of several studies of techniques for optimizing OSPF/IS-IS weights to the prevailing traffic. The paper argues that traditional shortest-path routing protocols are surprisingly effective for engineering the flow of traffic in large IP networks. 1
Traffic Engineering with Estimated Traffic Matrices
- IMC'03
, 2003
"... Traffic engineering and traffic matrix estimation are often treated as separate fields, even though one of the major applications for a traffic matrix is traffic engineering. In cases where a traffic matrix cannot be measured directly, it may still be estimated from indirect data (such as link measu ..."
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Cited by 68 (12 self)
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Traffic engineering and traffic matrix estimation are often treated as separate fields, even though one of the major applications for a traffic matrix is traffic engineering. In cases where a traffic matrix cannot be measured directly, it may still be estimated from indirect data (such as link measurements), but these estimates contain errors. Yet little thought has been given to the effects of inexact traffic estimates on traffic engineering. In this paper we consider how well traffic engineering works with estimated traffic matrices in the context of a specific task; namely that of optimizing network routing to minimize congestion, measured by maximum link-utilization. Our basic question is: how well is the real traffic routed if the routing is only optimized for an estimated traffic matrix? We compare against optimal routing of the real traffic using data derived from an operational tier-1 ISP. We find that the magnitude of errors in the traffic matrix estimate is not, in itself, a good indicator of the performance of that estimate in route optimization. Likewise, the optimal algorithm for traffic engineering given knowledge of the real traffic matrix is no longer the best with only the estimated traffic matrix as input. Our main practical finding is that the combination of a known traffic matrix estimation technique and a known traffic engineering technique can get close to the optimum in avoiding congestion for the real traffic. We even demonstrate stability in the sense that routing optimized on data from one day continued to perform well on subsequent days. This stability is crucial for the practical relevance to off-line traffic engineering, as it can be performed by ISPs today.
Robust optimization of OSPF/IS-IS weights
- In Proc. International Network Optimization Conference
, 2003
"... In this paper, we adapt the heuristic of Fortz and Thorup for optimizing the weights of Shortest Path First protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS), in order to take into account failure scenarios. ..."
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Cited by 38 (0 self)
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In this paper, we adapt the heuristic of Fortz and Thorup for optimizing the weights of Shortest Path First protocols such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) or Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS), in order to take into account failure scenarios.
A random key based genetic algorithm for the resource-constrained project scheduling problem
- AT&T LABS RESEARCH
, 2006
"... This paper presents a genetic algorithm for the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP). The chromosome representation of the problem is based on random keys. The schedule is constructed using a heuristic priority rule in which the priorities of the activities are defined by the ge ..."
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Cited by 35 (7 self)
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This paper presents a genetic algorithm for the Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP). The chromosome representation of the problem is based on random keys. The schedule is constructed using a heuristic priority rule in which the priorities of the activities are defined by the genetic algorithm. The heuristic generates parameterized active schedules. The approach was tested on a set of standard problems taken from the literature and compared with other approaches. The computational results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
A genetic algorithm for the resource constrained multi-project scheduling problem
- European J. of Operational Research
"... This paper presents a genetic algorithm for the Resource Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problem (RCMPSP). The chromosome representation of the problem is based on random keys. The schedules are constructed using a heuristic that builds parameterized active schedules based on priorities, delay ..."
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Cited by 27 (5 self)
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This paper presents a genetic algorithm for the Resource Constrained Multi-Project Scheduling Problem (RCMPSP). The chromosome representation of the problem is based on random keys. The schedules are constructed using a heuristic that builds parameterized active schedules based on priorities, delay times, and release dates defined by the genetic algorithm. The approach is tested on a set of randomly generated problems. The computational results validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
DEFT: Distributed exponentially-weighted flow splitting
- IN PROC. IEEE INFOCOM
, 2007
"... Network operators control the flow of traffic through their networks by adapting the configuration of the underlying routing protocols. For example, they tune the integer link weights that interior gateway protocols like OSPF and IS-IS use to compute shortest paths. The resulting optimization probl ..."
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Cited by 26 (8 self)
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Network operators control the flow of traffic through their networks by adapting the configuration of the underlying routing protocols. For example, they tune the integer link weights that interior gateway protocols like OSPF and IS-IS use to compute shortest paths. The resulting optimization problem—to find the best link weights for a given topology and traffic matrix—is computationally intractable even for the simplest objective functions, forcing the use of local-search techniques. The optimization problem is difficult because these protocols split traffic evenly along shortest paths, with no ability to adjust the splitting percentages or direct traffic on other paths. In this paper, we propose an extension to these protocols, called Distributed Exponentially-weighted Flow SpliTting (DEFT), where the routers can direct traffic on non-shortest paths, with an exponential penalty on longer paths. DEFT leads not only to a simpler optimization problem, but also to weight settings that provably perform always better than OSPF and IS-IS. In the optimization problem we present, both link weights and flows of traffic are integrated as optimization variables into the formulation and jointly solved by a two-stage iterative method. Our novel formulation leads to a much more efficient way to identify good link weights than the local-search heuristics used for OSPF and IS-IS today. DEFT retains the simplicity of having routers compute paths based on configurable link weights, while approaching the performance of more complex routing protocols that can split traffic arbitrarily over any paths.
Route optimization in IP networks
- in Handbook of Optimization in Telecommunications, Springer Science + Business
, 2006
"... The performance and reliability of the Internet depend, in large part, on the operation of the underlying routing protocols. Today’s IP routing protocols compute paths based on the network topology and configuration parameters, without regard to the current traffic load on the routers and links. The ..."
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Cited by 23 (8 self)
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The performance and reliability of the Internet depend, in large part, on the operation of the underlying routing protocols. Today’s IP routing protocols compute paths based on the network topology and configuration parameters, without regard to the current traffic load on the routers and links. The responsibility for adapting the paths to the prevailing traffic falls to the network operators and management systems. This chapter discusses the modeling and computational challenges of optimizing the tunable parameters, starting with conventional intradomain routing protocols that compute shortest paths as the sum of configurable link weights. Then, we consider the problem of optimizing the interdomain routing policies that control the flow of traffic from one network to another. Optimization based on local search has proven quite effective in grappling with the complexity of the routing protocols and the diversity of the performance objectives, and tools based on local search are in wide use in today’s large IP networks. 1
TIE Breaking: Tunable Interdomain Egress Selection
- In CoNEXT’05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM conference on Emerging network experiment and technology
, 2005
"... The separation of intradomain and interdomain routing has been a key feature of the Internet’s routing architecture from the early days of the ARPAnet. However, the appropriate “division of labor” between the two protocols becomes unclear when an Autonomous System (AS) has interdomain routes to a de ..."
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Cited by 23 (5 self)
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The separation of intradomain and interdomain routing has been a key feature of the Internet’s routing architecture from the early days of the ARPAnet. However, the appropriate “division of labor” between the two protocols becomes unclear when an Autonomous System (AS) has interdomain routes to a destination prefix through multiple border routers—a situation that is extremely common today because neighboring domains often connect in several locations. We believe that the current mechanism of early-exit or hotpotato routing—where each router in an AS directs traffic to the “closest ” border router based on the intradomain path costs—is convoluted, restrictive, and sometimes quite disruptive. In this paper, we propose a flexible mechanism for routers to select the egress point for each destination prefix, allowing network administrators to satisfy diverse goals, such as traffic engineering and robustness to equipment failures. We present one example optimization problem that uses integer-programming techniques to tune our mechanism to improve network robustness. Experiments with topology and routing data from two backbone networks demonstrate that our solution is both simple (for the routers) and expressive (for the network administrators).
Making IGP routing robust to link failures
- in Proc. Networking
, 2005
"... Making IGP Routing Robust to Link Failures An important requirement of a robust traffic engineering solution is insensitivity to changes, be they in the form of traffic fluctuations or changes in the network topology because of link failures. In this paper we focus on developing a fast and effective ..."
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Cited by 22 (2 self)
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Making IGP Routing Robust to Link Failures An important requirement of a robust traffic engineering solution is insensitivity to changes, be they in the form of traffic fluctuations or changes in the network topology because of link failures. In this paper we focus on developing a fast and effective technique to compute traffic engineering solutions for OSPF/IS-IS environments that are robust to link failures in the logical topology. OSPF and IS-IS are the dominant intra-domain routing protocols where traffic engineering is primarily governed by link weights. Our focus is on computing a single set of link weights for a traffic engineering instance that performs well over all single logical link failures. Such types of failures, although usually not long lasting, of the order of tens of minutes, can occur with high enough frequency, of the order of several a day, to significantly affect network performance. The relatively short duration of such failures coupled with issues of computational complexity and convergence time due to the size of current day networks discourage adaptive reactions to such events. Consequently, it is desirable to a priori compute a routing solution that performs well in all such scenarios. Through computational evaluations we demonstrate that our technique yields link weights that perform well over all
