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507
The structure and function of complex networks
- SIAM REVIEW
, 2003
"... Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, ..."
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Cited by 2600 (7 self)
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Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
Measurement and Analysis of Online Social Networks
- In Proceedings of the 5th ACM/USENIX Internet Measurement Conference (IMC’07
, 2007
"... Online social networking sites like Orkut, YouTube, and Flickr are among the most popular sites on the Internet. Users of these sites form a social network, which provides a powerful means of sharing, organizing, and finding content and contacts. The popularity of these sites provides an opportunity ..."
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Cited by 698 (14 self)
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Online social networking sites like Orkut, YouTube, and Flickr are among the most popular sites on the Internet. Users of these sites form a social network, which provides a powerful means of sharing, organizing, and finding content and contacts. The popularity of these sites provides an opportunity to study the characteristics of online social network graphs at large scale. Understanding these graphs is important, both to improve current systems and to design new applications of online social networks. This paper presents a large-scale measurement study and analysis of the structure of multiple online social networks. We examine data gathered from four popular online social networks: Flickr, YouTube, LiveJournal, and Orkut. We crawled the publicly accessible user links on each site, obtaining a large portion of each social network’s graph. Our data set contains over 11.3 million users and 328 million links. We believe that this is the first study to examine multiple online social networks at scale. Our results confirm the power-law, small-world, and scalefree properties of online social networks. We observe that the indegree of user nodes tends to match the outdegree; that the networks contain a densely connected core of high-degree nodes; and that this core links small groups of strongly clustered, low-degree nodes at the fringes of the network. Finally, we discuss the implications of these structural properties for the design of social network based systems.
A Random Graph Model for Massive Graphs
- STOC 2000
, 2000
"... We propose a random graph model which is a special case of sparse random graphs with given degree sequences. This model involves only a small number of parameters, called logsize and log-log growth rate. These parameters capture some universal characteristics of massive graphs. Furthermore, from t ..."
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Cited by 406 (26 self)
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We propose a random graph model which is a special case of sparse random graphs with given degree sequences. This model involves only a small number of parameters, called logsize and log-log growth rate. These parameters capture some universal characteristics of massive graphs. Furthermore, from these parameters, various properties of the graph can be derived. For example, for certain ranges of the parameters, we will compute the expected distribu-tion of the sizes of the connected components which almost surely occur with high probability. We will illustrate the consistency of our model with the behavior of some massive graphs derived from data in telecommunications. We will also discuss the threshold function, the giant component, and the evolution of random graphs in this model.
Structure and evolution of online social networks
- In Proceedings of the 12th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
, 2006
"... In this paper, we consider the evolution of structure within large online social networks. We present a series of measurements of two such networks, together comprising in excess of five million people and ten million friendship links, annotated with metadata capturing the time of every event in the ..."
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Cited by 400 (4 self)
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In this paper, we consider the evolution of structure within large online social networks. We present a series of measurements of two such networks, together comprising in excess of five million people and ten million friendship links, annotated with metadata capturing the time of every event in the life of the network. Our measurements expose a surprising segmentation of these networks into three regions: singletons who do not participate in the network; isolated communities which overwhelmingly display star structure; and a giant component anchored by a well-connected core region which persists even in the absence of stars. We present a simple model of network growth which captures these aspects of component structure. The model follows our ex-perimental results, characterizing users as either passive members of the network; inviters who encourage offline friends and acquain-tances to migrate online; and linkers who fully participate in the social evolution of the network.
Random graph models of social networks
"... We describe some new exactly solvable models of the structure of social networks, based on random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions. We give models both for simple unipartite networks, such as acquaintance networks, and bipartite networks, such as affiliation networks. We compare the predic ..."
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Cited by 252 (1 self)
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We describe some new exactly solvable models of the structure of social networks, based on random graphs with arbitrary degree distributions. We give models both for simple unipartite networks, such as acquaintance networks, and bipartite networks, such as affiliation networks. We compare the predictions of our models to data for a number of real-world social networks and find that in some cases the models are in remarkable agreement with the data, while in others the agreement is poorer, perhaps indicating the presence of additional social structure in the network that is not captured by the random graph.
Statistical properties of community structure in large social and information networks
"... A large body of work has been devoted to identifying community structure in networks. A community is often though of as a set of nodes that has more connections between its members than to the remainder of the network. In this paper, we characterize as a function of size the statistical and structur ..."
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Cited by 246 (14 self)
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A large body of work has been devoted to identifying community structure in networks. A community is often though of as a set of nodes that has more connections between its members than to the remainder of the network. In this paper, we characterize as a function of size the statistical and structural properties of such sets of nodes. We define the network community profile plot, which characterizes the “best ” possible community—according to the conductance measure—over a wide range of size scales, and we study over 70 large sparse real-world networks taken from a wide range of application domains. Our results suggest a significantly more refined picture of community structure in large real-world networks than has been appreciated previously. Our most striking finding is that in nearly every network dataset we examined, we observe tight but almost trivial communities at very small scales, and at larger size scales, the best possible communities gradually “blend in ” with the rest of the network and thus become less “community-like.” This behavior is not explained, even at a qualitative level, by any of the commonly-used network generation models. Moreover, this behavior is exactly the opposite of what one would expect based on experience with and intuition from expander graphs, from graphs that are well-embeddable in a low-dimensional structure, and from small social networks that have served as testbeds of community detection algorithms. We have found, however, that a generative model, in which new edges are added via an iterative “forest fire” burning process, is able to produce graphs exhibiting a network community structure similar to our observations.
Models of Random Regular Graphs
- IN SURVEYS IN COMBINATORICS
, 1999
"... In a previous paper we showed that a random 4-regular graph asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) has chromatic number 3. Here we extend the method to show that a random 6-regular graph asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) has chromatic number 4 and that the chromatic number of a random d-regular g ..."
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Cited by 215 (33 self)
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In a previous paper we showed that a random 4-regular graph asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) has chromatic number 3. Here we extend the method to show that a random 6-regular graph asymptotically almost surely (a.a.s.) has chromatic number 4 and that the chromatic number of a random d-regular graph for other d between 5 and 10 inclusive is a.a.s. restricted to a range of two integer values: {3, 4} for d = 5, {4, 5} for d = 7, 8, 9, and {5, 6} for d = 10. The proof uses efficient algorithms which a.a.s. colour these random graphs using the number of colours specified by the upper bound. These algorithms are analysed using the differential equation method, including an analysis of certain systems of differential equations with discontinuous right hand sides.
Community structure in large networks: Natural cluster sizes and the absence of large well-defined clusters
, 2008
"... A large body of work has been devoted to defining and identifying clusters or communities in social and information networks, i.e., in graphs in which the nodes represent underlying social entities and the edges represent some sort of interaction between pairs of nodes. Most such research begins wit ..."
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Cited by 208 (17 self)
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A large body of work has been devoted to defining and identifying clusters or communities in social and information networks, i.e., in graphs in which the nodes represent underlying social entities and the edges represent some sort of interaction between pairs of nodes. Most such research begins with the premise that a community or a cluster should be thought of as a set of nodes that has more and/or better connections between its members than to the remainder of the network. In this paper, we explore from a novel perspective several questions related to identifying meaningful communities in large social and information networks, and we come to several striking conclusions. Rather than defining a procedure to extract sets of nodes from a graph and then attempt to interpret these sets as a “real ” communities, we employ approximation algorithms for the graph partitioning problem to characterize as a function of size the statistical and structural properties of partitions of graphs that could plausibly be interpreted as communities. In particular, we define the network community profile plot, which characterizes the “best ” possible community—according to the conductance measure—over a wide range of size scales. We study over 100 large real-world networks, ranging from traditional and on-line social networks, to technological and information networks and
Connected Components in Random Graphs with Given Expected Degree Sequences
- ANNALS OF COMBINATORICS
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The Size Of The Giant Component Of A Random Graph With A Given Degree Sequence
- COMBIN. PROBAB. COMPUT
, 2000
"... Given a sequence of non-negative real numbers 0 ; 1 ; : : : which sum to 1, we consider a random graph having approximately i n vertices of degree i. In [12] the authors essentially show that if P i(i \Gamma 2) i ? 0 then the graph a.s. has a giant component, while if P i(i \Gamma 2) i ! 0 ..."
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Cited by 198 (0 self)
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Given a sequence of non-negative real numbers 0 ; 1 ; : : : which sum to 1, we consider a random graph having approximately i n vertices of degree i. In [12] the authors essentially show that if P i(i \Gamma 2) i ? 0 then the graph a.s. has a giant component, while if P i(i \Gamma 2) i ! 0 then a.s. all components in the graph are small. In this paper we analyze the size of the giant component in the former case, and the structure of the graph formed by deleting that component. We determine
