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Diagnostic tests that are used as reference standards do not provide error-free results. The level of error contributed by a reference standard (reference assay) can either positively or negatively bias the sensitivity, specificity, and the overall accu-

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ABSTR ACT: Biotin enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are involved with the most basic metabolism. Thus, it is very important to monitor the biotin nutritional status for maintaining good health. We examined urinary excretion and the intake of biotin in a Japanese sample population of 60 boys and 36 girls (10–12 y), 37 male and 135 female college students (18–27 y), and 35 female elderly persons (70–84 y) living freely. All food consumed, and the corresponding weighing, for 4 consecutive days were recorded. A 24-hour urine sample was collected on the fourth day, and the urine biotin was measured. The urine biotin at the fourth day was 57.8, 50.9, 81.0, 66.2, and 82.3 nmol/day in boys, girls, male students, female students, and elderly persons, respectively. The average intake of biotin for

In the past 25 years, human populations have been targeted in several studies by anthropologists, linguists, geneticists, and others who aim to understand the evolutionary factors involved in the formation of sociobiological populations. Clas-

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available spectrum and the ine#ciency in the spectrum usage necessitate a new communication paradigm to exploit the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. This new networking paradigm is referred to as NeXt Generation (xG) Networks as well as Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) and cognitive radio networks

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