Abstract. On Taku Glacier, Alaska a combination of field observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) from snowpits and probing in the vicinity of the transient snowline (TSL) are used to quantify the mass balance gradient. The balance gradient derived from the TSL and SWE measured in snowpits at 1000 m from 1998–2010 ranges from 2.6– 3.8 mm m −1. Probing transects from 950 m–1100 m directly measure SWE and yield a slightly higher balance gradient of 3.3–3.8 mm m −1. The TSL on Taku Glacier is identified in MODIS and Landsat 4 and 7 Thematic Mapper images for 31 dates during the 2004–2010 period to assess the consistency of its rate of rise and reliability in assessing ablation for mass balance assessment. For example, in 2010, the TSL

forty-one stations were occupied for measurements of CTD/transmissometer, suspended particulate matter (SPM), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the southeastern Beaufort Sea in September 1986. Preliminary results indicate that both the Mackenzie River and sediments in the nearshore (about 5 m or less) are two major particulate sources to the surface layer of the inner shelf (estuary). Further, a near-bottom light-attenuating layer was normally observed on the shelf. Compared to the interior Arctic Ocean, water over the Mackenzie Shelf has POC concentrations almost an order of magnitude higher throughout the water column (from surface to 350 m depth). This is probably a result of organic particles added to the surface layer by river input and phyto-plankton production with subsequent settling into deeper water during the open-water season. 1.

In order to estimate plankton biomass transport through the Gibraltar Strait, plankton biomass and velocity profiles were measured at three stations located in the eastern side of the Strait as a part of the CANIGO project. Abundance and biomass measurements were carried out for autotrophic (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and eukaryotic pico-nano- and microplankton) and heterotrophic (bacteria and nanoflagellates) organisms, in September 1997. Biomass and velocity decreased from the surface to deeper water. Highest biomass concentration was observed at the northern station ð0:12 g C m3), whereas maximum mean velocities ð80 cm s1) were found at the central and southern stations. Biomass transport is estimated with a approach with a 10-m resolution in the vertical and three subareas of approximately 5 km in the horizontal direction. Estimate of plankton biomass transports towards the Mediterranean and the Atlantic are 5570 and 1140 tonnes C day1; respectively. The former is co-dominated by heterotrophic bacteria (37%) and autotrophic nanoplankton (42%), while the latter is dominated by heterotrophic organisms like bacteria (75%) and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (14%). The variation during a one-day period of the biomass transport estimate at the central part of the Strait was explored. Also, in order to estimate the influence of spatial distribution of both biomass and velocity in the transport estimates, a comparison of our results with other possible estimates performed with less spatial resolution is carried out. The results confirms that both temporal and spatial resolution are

Even a "weak " gale can bring trouble to experienced sailors in small boats. Friday morning, Septe mber 8, 1978, the tuna fleet fishing off the coast of Washington and Oregon was caught off-guard by sudden gale winds. The complex sequenc e of mete orological events whi ch brought about gale winds, st eep seas, and grief to t!te tuna fleet are documented. Examining this case of gale winds brought about by the coastal low level jet stream, and examining synoptic conditions when gale warnings were issued during 1977-78, led to a simple rule of thumb for forecasting coastal gale windSa Whenever the surface atmospheric pressure at Astoria, Oregon is forecast to be 9 millibars or more higher than Buoy 46005, a gale warning is advisable. Gale winds can occur offshore, even when they are not observed by coastal stations. 1. INTRODUCnON Coastal seas were unusually calm the week prior to the sudden development of gale winds offshore of Oregon and Washington on Friday September 8, 1978. Perhaps this along with good fishing contri-

The Arctic atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) has been considered to be a statically stable environment generally inhibiting vertical exchange. However, recent

Abstract Phytoplankton abundance and composi-tion and the cyanotoxin, microcystin, were examined relative to environmental parameters in western Lake Erie during late-summer (2003–2005). Spatially explicit distributions of phytoplankton occurred on an annual basis, with the greatest chlorophyll

We investigated marine picoeukaryotic diversity (cells,3 mm) in samples collected in late summer 2002 at the boundary between the Norwegian, Greenland, and Barents Seas. The two main Arctic and Atlantic water masses in this region are separated by the polar front. We combined total counts

Copyright © 2014 by The Tree-Ring Society This article presents a late summer temperature reconstruction (AD 1675–1980) for the northeastern Mediterranean (NEMED) that is based on a compilation of max-imum latewood density tree-ring data from 21 high-elevation sites. This study applied a novel

along coastlines. Key words: northern fulmar, black-legged kittiwake, arctic distribution, late summer, glacier front, Devon Island, Ellesmere Island R6SUME. Des releves aeriens en 1976 et 1978 ont permis de retracer de fortes concentrations de fulmars borBaux et de mouettes tridactyles le long des

Observations are presented of microstructure and velocity measurements made on the outer New England shelf in the late summer of 1996 as part of the Coastal Mixing and Optics Experiment. The depth- and time-averaged turbulent dissipation rate was 5–50 (3 1029 W kg21). The associated average