Sustaining life beyond Earth either on space stations or on other planets will require a clear understanding of how the space environment affects key phases of mammalian reproduction. However, because of the difficulty of doing such experiments in mammals, most studies of reproduction in space have been carried out with other taxa, such as sea urchins, fish, amphibians or birds. Here, we studied the possibility of mammalian fertilization and preimplantation development under microgravity (mG) conditions using a three-dimensional (3D) clinostat, which faithfully simulates 10–3 G using 3D rotation. Fertilization occurred normally in vitro under mG. However, although we obtained 75 healthy offspring from mG-fertilized and-cultured embryos after transfer to recipient females, the birth rate was lower than among the 1G controls. Immunostaining demonstrated that in vitro culture under mG caused slower development and fewer trophectoderm cells than in 1G controls but did not affect polarization of the blastocyst. These results suggest for the first time that fertilization

Copyright © 2014 Min Zha et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Background andAims.Wehere assess the effects of PSCs on

NEGRO AND WHITE CHILDREN CAN LEARN ABOUT THE NEGRO WITHOUT

Debris dents produced by solid particles in suspension in oil or grease when they travel through an EHL contact may be at the origin of rolling bearing failures. A summary of an experimental investigation carried out to identify (i) the particle entry ratio, (ii) the mechanisms of particle fragmentation or deformation, (iii) the resulting indentation features, and (iv) the initiation site of subsequent surface damage is presented first. Afterwards, numerical simulations of a dent moving through an EHL contact are performed. A critical slide-to-roll ratio is found. Results of our numerical simulations are analyzed and discussed in relation to the concept of infinite life for rolling bearing applications.

A meta-analysis of 128 studies examined the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. As predicted, engagement-contingent, completion-contingent, and performance-contingent rewards signifi-cantly undermined free-choice intrinsic motivation (d =-0.40,-0.36, and-0.28, respectively

Abstract – Behavioral and nutritional effect of rutin (quercetin 3-O-rutinosídeo) on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lep.: Noctuidae), a major soybean defoliator in Brazil, was evaluated from the third instar to pupation. Rutin is one of the flavonol glycosides identified in the leaves of the wild

. The present work asks whether reward systems can generate the same positive effects as punishment systems (increased cooperation) without the negative side effects (decreased interpersonal trust) or whether reward systems also lead to detrimental effects on trust. In two experiments we find that once removed

. Carotenoid pigments serve as antioxidants, performing important functions as free-radical scavengers. The beneficial effects of carotenoid pigments are well documented, but rarely have researchers considered potential detrimental effects of high-level accumulation of carotenoids. We maintained American

Exposure to high-energy neutrons, protons and HZE particles during a deep space mission, needs an efficient protection against the detrimental effects of space ra-diation. Recent findings concerning the induction of adaptive response by neutrons and high cumulative doses of gamma radiation in human

We show that the spectral broadening of the pump pulse through self-phase modulation in a time-domain distributed Brillouin sensor has a considerably detrimental effect in the measurement, especially in the case of long distances and high-resolution pulses. Using 30 ns pump pulses with peak power