"... In PAGE 31: ... The analysis controls for other determinants of inequality, such as educational attainment, civil liberties, financial development and many others. The results, summarized in Table2 , show that social protection policies like those usually run by social security agencies have a strong potential to reduce inequality. The regulatory framework promoted by the ILO appears to have a similar impact, which is not surprising given the high correlation between the number of conventions ratified and the share of GDP devoted to social security.... In PAGE 31: ...ecurity. Collective bargaining seems less effective at reducing inequality. Its impact is statistically significant only for the share of the second richest quintile of the population. All of the other labor market variables considered in Table2 fail to reduce inequality significantly. Based on the size of the estimated correlation coefficients, the number of core ILO conventions ratified by a country is totally ineffective.... ..."

"... In PAGE 23: ... As a result, we first added these three indicators to the regressions that exclude fixed country effects as a means of controlling for other factors that are both correlated with minimum wages and could potentially affect youth employment rates, without necessarily stripping out the between-country covariation between minimum wages and youth employment (as the fixed effects model does). These estimates are shown in columns (1)-(2) of Table7 for youths and columns (6)-(7) for teenagers. 22 In columns (1) and (6), which exclude country-specific trends, the overall... In PAGE 26: ... Although we have focused thus far on the signs of the coefficients on the interaction terms between the labor market policy and institution variables and the minimum wage ratio, the magnitudes of the estimated coefficients are sufficiently large to suggest that minimum wage effects may vary widely across countries. This point is illustrated in Table 8, in which we report the implied variation in minimum wage effects across countries associated with the rather substantial differences in the importance of the three types of labor market policies and institutions included in the regressions shown in Table7 . For example, the estimated minimum wage effects for Belgium and Portugal using these specifications are consistently positive, reflecting the high values for the employment protection index and the percent of GDP spent on active labor market policies and institutions.... In PAGE 33: ... 26 In addition, changes in the parameter estimates across specifications lead to some instability in the estimates for particular countries. In particular, referring to Table7 , in the specifications that include country-specific trends but exclude country fixed effects, the coefficients on the interaction terms for the labor standards index are relatively large in absolute value, while the coefficients on the interaction term for active labor market policies are quite small. In contrast, active labor market policies have the largest coefficients in the specifications that include fixed effects.... In PAGE 41: ...04 (.27) Notes: Implied minimum wage effects are calculated as the coefficient on the minimum wage variable in the indicated specification in Table7 , plus each of the coefficients on the interaction terms multiplied by the value of the policy/institution variable (less its mean) for each country. Standard... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ...oland) devote resources to similar labor market policies .............................................. 27 Table8 Spending levels on different labor market policies in OECD in Central and Eastem countries is comparable .... In PAGE 34: ... The highest spender, Hungary, spends more or less the same share of GDP as high OECD spenders, such as Canada and Sweden. The lowest spender, the Czech Republic, spends at the level of low OECD spenders, such as Japan and Switzerland ( Table8 ). Poland is a mid-case.... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ...oviet Union, 1992 .................................................................. 23 Table7 OECD and Central and Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) devote resources to similar labor market policies .... In PAGE 34: ... Transition economies tend to follow closely the OECD approach in terrns of in spending on different kinds of policies-active as well as passive (unemployment benefits). None of the Central European countries with a long track record in active labor market policies spend on any of the policies outside the OECD range ( Table7 ). The highest spender, Hungary, spends more or less the same share of GDP as high OECD spenders, such as Canada and Sweden.... ..."

"... In PAGE 26: ... Although we have focused thus far on the signs of the coefficients on the interaction terms between the labor market policy and institution variables and the minimum wage ratio, the magnitudes of the estimated coefficients are sufficiently large to suggest that minimum wage effects may vary widely across countries. This point is illustrated in Table8 , in which we report the implied variation in minimum wage effects across countries associated with the rather substantial differences in the importance of the three types of labor market policies and institutions included in the regressions shown in Table 7. For example, the estimated minimum wage effects for Belgium and Portugal using these specifications are consistently positive, reflecting the high values for the employment protection index and the percent of GDP spent on active labor market policies and institutions.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ...14 Finally, although Philadelphia turned up as a small sample city, we sampled 325 rather than 100 births there, since this was one of the cities of special interest to one of our funders. Table1 lists the cities in the final sample and categorizes them by policy regime cell, whether or not they are in the national sample, and whether they ended up being large (325 births) or small (100 births) sample cities. Sampling Hospitals Within Cities Embedded within the nationally representative study are case studies of the individual cities.... ..."

"... In PAGE 51: ...9 9.4 Government Policies Table12 examines the effect of state labor market policies on the NAIRU. These include the percent of the prime aged workforce on social security disability or SSI, the minimum wage, the growth of the minimum wage, and the unemployment insurance replacement rate.... ..."