The diagnosis of a malignant condition is always of very serious significance. If the diagnosis is correct, the future life of the patient is troubled and the ultimate fate is dark. But, even if the diagnosis is incorrect, it is accompanied by grave consequences. The patient is stigmatized, he

of mucins under pathological conditions due to altered endocytic processes. The mislocalization of mucins and their interactions result in change in the density and activity of important cell membrane proteins (like, receptor tyrosine kinases) to facilitate various signaling, which help cancer cells

JOBERT DE LAMBALLE (1843) advocated and practised treatment of the eroded cervix by cauterisation using a glowing iron; he noted that the procedure was painless. Later, Brandes (1846) in Germany popularized the method, using a wooden or ivory speculum to avoid burning the vaginal epithelium and followed the cauterisation by a douche of cold water. In more recent years various methods of chemical cauterisation have been recommended, but they have never been as popular as the actual cautery. Hunner (1906) suggested treating cervical lesions with deep radial cauterisation, and Dickinson (191 1) used a fine nasal tip cautery to produce the same effect. Hyams (1933) reported on the use of an electrosurgical cutting and coagulation technique which has been termed 'diathermy coning of the cervix'. The present study deals with 100 patients with chronic cervicitis treated by this technique in the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, from January 1964 to June 1965 SELECrION OF PATIENTS McLaren (1955) emphasized the difficulty of differentiating between the simple non-infected erosion of the cervix and chronic cervicitis. He suggested, however, that the combination of symptoms, signs and cervical biopsy will usually indicate the type of lesion present and Pinkerton (1963) considered that chronic cervicitis is a common symptom complex consisting of vaginal discharge, deep dyspareunia, lumbo-sacral backache and occasionally recurrent attacks of cystitis. The majority of patients were seen at the gynaecological out-patient department and many had more than one complaint (Table I). In two patients the cervical lesion was an incidental finding- one patient had a Bartholin's abscess and the other was referred for tubal ligation; 9 patients were referred for treatment from the Royal Maternity Hospital with postpartum cervical erosions; 4 patients complaining of vaginal discharge were taking oral contraceptives.

Corruption in India is a pervasive predicament in the health sector, with depressing effects on health status and social welfare. The blight of corruption at the service delivery point is universally present. This not only puts a financial strain on the poor patients, who are the principal users of the public health system, but is also a major factor for the poor performance indicators (e.g., low immunization coverage, high malnutrition rates etc). The question remains: should corruption be measured by bribes alone, or should it also include the costly efforts made by citizens to influence the design or application of laws in their own self-interest? This might include contributions by interest groups to politicians, or costs incurred by citizens to evade laws. (1) Shouldn’t corruption also include forms of political corruption, where some special groups use unusual forms of influence over policy makers to receive preferential treatments? Much information possessed by citizens helpful in evaluating government officials is not verifiable, thus cannot be used to control the behavior of officials via contractual means.(2) Local democratic means then become the best way for citizens to evaluate the performance of officials. It is clear that problems exist at the policy or macro level as well as the service or micro level. Both must be explored and researched if a full understanding of the problem is to be realized. Transparency International- India, commissioned the ‘India Corruption study ’ that revealed that,

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been practiced for more than 30 years. Hematological malignan-cies are the main indications for this treatment. However, its indications in adults are different from children. Advances in chemotherapy and target therapy have improved treatment

that there might not be some increase in risk of certain uncommon specific malignant conditions such as EATL, but the absolute level of risk is small.25 An increased risk of malignancy in undetected disease should no longer be used as argument in favour of screening or early detection of coeliac disease.

Altered Mucins (MUC) trafficking in benign and malignant conditions.

The appropriate management of ureteric obstruction in addition to a malignant condition

Genetic instability is a common feature of many human cancers. This condition is frequently characterized by an abnormal number of chromo somes, although little is known about the mechanism that generates this altered genetic state. One possibility is that chromosomes are missegregated during

of gross disease in many malignant conditions both within and outside the confines of the female pelvis. The utility and limitations of imaging common gynecologic tumors such as cervical, ovarian and endometrial cancer are discussed with particular emphasis on PET/CT imaging.