"... In PAGE 28: ...We next turn to the thesis of Ball that the years of monetary tightness occurring in some OECD economies in the early or mid-1990s elevated the equilibrium unemployment rate to a higher track. But if this is so, the nominal interest rate variable in Table7 would have turned out with a positive and significant coefficient. In Table 8 we test this contention further by first adding the change in average inflation between the two periods, then the change in the first difference of inflation and finally the change in the average slope of the yield curve.... ..."

"... In PAGE 40: ... The regression results for equation [4], which evaluates the relationship between the performance levels of water institution and its components, are given in Table 4. For a proper interpretation of the results reported in Table4 , it is useful to ... In PAGE 41: ... These econometric linkages are also important for the interpretation of results because of their role in explaining why variables capturing different institutional aspects that are significant in one context becomes not so in other contexts. Returning to Table4 , although R2 is low, all the variables have the expected positive effect suggesting that a better performance of each of the water institution components is likely to improve the overall performance of water institution. While this result appears to be tautological in nature, its real significance lies in demonstrating how the three institutional components differ in terms of their relative contribution to the overall performance of water institution.... In PAGE 41: ... Since these changes confine mostly to the politically easier policy sphere rather than the politically risky and administratively difficult legal and administrative spheres (see Saleth and Dinar, 1999), the variable capturing water policy performance can become a dominant factor explaining the overall performance of water institution. Water Institution Performance: Relative Role of Institutional Aspects While the results for equation [4] reported in Table4 shows the overall linkages between water institution and its constituent components, those for equation [5] reported in Table 5 show the linkages between water institution and some of the major institutional aspects underlying the three water institution components. These two equations are, therefore, interrelated not only because they have the same dependent variable but also because their independent variables are structurally related through equations [1] to [3].... ..."

"... In PAGE 26: ... Although we have focused thus far on the signs of the coefficients on the interaction terms between the labor market policy and institution variables and the minimum wage ratio, the magnitudes of the estimated coefficients are sufficiently large to suggest that minimum wage effects may vary widely across countries. This point is illustrated in Table8 , in which we report the implied variation in minimum wage effects across countries associated with the rather substantial differences in the importance of the three types of labor market policies and institutions included in the regressions shown in Table 7. For example, the estimated minimum wage effects for Belgium and Portugal using these specifications are consistently positive, reflecting the high values for the employment protection index and the percent of GDP spent on active labor market policies and institutions.... ..."

"... In PAGE 23: ... As a result, we first added these three indicators to the regressions that exclude fixed country effects as a means of controlling for other factors that are both correlated with minimum wages and could potentially affect youth employment rates, without necessarily stripping out the between-country covariation between minimum wages and youth employment (as the fixed effects model does). These estimates are shown in columns (1)-(2) of Table7 for youths and columns (6)-(7) for teenagers. 22 In columns (1) and (6), which exclude country-specific trends, the overall... In PAGE 26: ... Although we have focused thus far on the signs of the coefficients on the interaction terms between the labor market policy and institution variables and the minimum wage ratio, the magnitudes of the estimated coefficients are sufficiently large to suggest that minimum wage effects may vary widely across countries. This point is illustrated in Table 8, in which we report the implied variation in minimum wage effects across countries associated with the rather substantial differences in the importance of the three types of labor market policies and institutions included in the regressions shown in Table7 . For example, the estimated minimum wage effects for Belgium and Portugal using these specifications are consistently positive, reflecting the high values for the employment protection index and the percent of GDP spent on active labor market policies and institutions.... In PAGE 33: ... 26 In addition, changes in the parameter estimates across specifications lead to some instability in the estimates for particular countries. In particular, referring to Table7 , in the specifications that include country-specific trends but exclude country fixed effects, the coefficients on the interaction terms for the labor standards index are relatively large in absolute value, while the coefficients on the interaction term for active labor market policies are quite small. In contrast, active labor market policies have the largest coefficients in the specifications that include fixed effects.... In PAGE 41: ...04 (.27) Notes: Implied minimum wage effects are calculated as the coefficient on the minimum wage variable in the indicated specification in Table7 , plus each of the coefficients on the interaction terms multiplied by the value of the policy/institution variable (less its mean) for each country. Standard... ..."

"... In PAGE 43: ...33 equations evaluate the linkages between water institution and water sector performance at different levels of institutional disaggregation, the regression pertaining to these three equations can be used to evaluate some of the main layers of the institution-performance linkages possible within water sector. Water Sector Performance: Relative Role of Institutional Components The relative role that the three water institution components play in explaining water sector performance can be seen from Table6 that presents the regression results for equation [6]. All three variables representing respectively the performance of the three water institution components, law, policy and administration, have a positive sign, suggesting their favorable role in improving water sector performance.... In PAGE 44: ...34 Water Sector Performance: Relative Role of Institutional Aspects Unlike Table6 that relates water sector performance to institutional aspects indirectly through the performance of water institution components, Table 7 relates the same to institutional aspects directly. Since the results in Table 7 allow a more direct evaluation of the relative effects of institutional aspects on water sector performance, they shed lights on the most important layer of the institution-performance linkages within water sector.... ..."

"... In PAGE 26: ...(%)Types of Equipment and Instruments Institutes At the Lower than World Out of Total World Level Level but Satisfactory Date Unstable 0 46 54 100 Stable 7 60 33 100 Average 5 56 39 100 Table1 0: The Structure of Financing R amp;D in Military Institutes by Managers apos; Assess- ments (%) Types of Financing Share on Account of: Institutes State State Russian Foreign Total Budget Enterprises Business Firms Customers Unstable 56 31 22 1 100 Stable 52 39 7 2 100 Average 53 38 8 1 100 This paradox may partially be explained if one considers the nancing structure (Table 10).The unstable military institutes have relatively more funding from the budget, while the stable organizations|on account of the orders from the state enterprises.... In PAGE 27: ...Table1 1: The Assessments of the Adequacy of Ful lled Civil Orders to Research Capa- bilities of the Institutes (%) The Adequacy of Orders: Types of Not Corresponding Institutes Adequate Too Simple to the Pro le of Total the Institute Unstable 66 19 15 100 Stable 80 14 6 100 Average 70 15 8 100 necessary equipment. Evidently, neither relatively high funding from the budget, nor the orders from business, can still make up these losses.... In PAGE 27: ... And, nally, the fourth objective factor which caused di erences in the position of the institutes|the kind of their specialization: whether it be narrow or wide. Those special- ized in a strictly limited military sphere of R amp;D and possessing adequate instruments and equipment, personnel and experience of work, appeared to be in a worse situation ( Table1 1). Important evidence of such inadequacy is also the necessity of retraining per- sonnel for making conversion.... In PAGE 28: ...Table1 2: The Estimations of Variations in Labor Mobility in Institutes of Various Types (in % to total number of personnel at the beginning of 1992) Types of Leaving of Their Reduction of Institutes Dismissed Own Accord Entering in Number Unstable 13 18 4 27 Stable 23 15 1 37 Average 18 16 2 32 Table 13: Evaluations of O cial Wages of Di erent Groups, Rubles Types of Wages Institutes Technical Administration Scientists Personnel Unstable 20,086 10,854 8,486 Stable 17,259 10,322 7,003 Average 17,960 10,458 7,368 The sta policy di ers above all. It is rigid in stable institutes and consists of pur- poseful redundancy of workers with restricted employment (Table 12).... In PAGE 28: ...(in % to total number of personnel at the beginning of 1992) Types of Leaving of Their Reduction of Institutes Dismissed Own Accord Entering in Number Unstable 13 18 4 27 Stable 23 15 1 37 Average 18 16 2 32 Table1 3: Evaluations of O cial Wages of Di erent Groups, Rubles Types of Wages Institutes Technical Administration Scientists Personnel Unstable 20,086 10,854 8,486 Stable 17,259 10,322 7,003 Average 17,960 10,458 7,368 The sta policy di ers above all. It is rigid in stable institutes and consists of pur- poseful redundancy of workers with restricted employment (Table 12).... ..."

"... In PAGE 8: ...olicies. In this format, policies (e.g. permissions and restrictions) are associated to roles, and institutions are assigned to the proper roles. Table3 illustrates the organization proposed for the policy repository. Institutions may belong to one or more roles.... ..."