Regulatie van celdeling tijdens de ontwikkeling van meercelligen (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties

ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College voor Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 17 juni 2004 des middags te 12.45 uur. door

Cutting in deformable objects

(met een samenvatting in het Nederlands)

Phosphorescence spectroscopy and its application to the study of colloidal dynamics Fosforescentie-spectroscopie en haar toepassing op de studie van colloïdale dynamica

Already is an aspectual particle analyzed as an existential phase quantifier (Löbner 1989). We find counterparts of already in Dutch (al), German (schon), French (déjà) and many other languages. Already (p, t0) and its counterparts presuppose a change from a negative phase (¬p) to a positive phase (p), and thus assert that the evaluation point t0 is included in the positive phase p. Not yet (p, t0) has the same presupposition, but asserts that t0 is included in the negative phase ¬p. There are no constraints on times later than t0. Graphically: Figure 1: already In order for the statement already (p, t0) to be relevant, the transition from ¬p to p must have happened in the immediate neighbourhood of t0 (in the topological sense). Relevance may or may not be related to expectations, but Löbner sets this aside as a pragmatic issue. Follow-up literature has debated various aspects of this analysis of already, including the presuppositional status of the transition, and the duality hypothesis relating already to not yet, still and not anymore (Mittwoch 1993, Van der Auwera 1993, Michaelis 1996). Here I go back to Löbner’s original work, and the related perspective adopted by Smessaert & ter Meulen (2004), because of the explicit embedding of aspectual particles in a theory of tense and aspect. This squib is concerned with the internal temporal-aspectual structure of sentences involving already, and ignores dynamics (Smessaert & ter Meulen 2004), focus readings as in ‘he has already written five[F] papers on already ’ (Löbner 1989, Michaelis 1996, Krifka 2000), comparative uses (‘Venlo is already in the Netherlands’) (van der Auwera 1993), and interactive uses (‘Quel est votre nom déjà? ’ ‘What’s your name again?’) (Mosegaard-Hansen 2002). The interaction of these other readings with aspect raises questions that are outside the scope of this short paper. 2 Aspectual restrictions on already According to Löbner (1989), aspectual particles scope over an imperfective sentence, that is, a state or an ongoing activity. In contrast, perfective sentences denote events, that have an inherent endpoint. Löbner and Smessaert & ter Meulen (2004) typically use sentences like (1a) to illustrate the e↵ects of already. Their counterparts in German, Dutch and French are similar

Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for breast and head-and-neck cancer Bram van Asselen ii Colofon: This text was set using the freely available LATEX2ε typesetting and text format-ting system. The line drawings were made using the freely available Xfig program. ISBN: 90-393-3503-6

2. Literature review 6 2.1 Congestion and commuting 7 2.2 Activity patterns 8

possessive pronouns in children with an

Abstract. The deployment of services — sets of running programs that provide some useful facility on a system or network — is typically implemented through a manual, time-consuming and error-prone process. For instance, system administrators must deploy the necessary software components, edit configuration files, start or stop processes, and so on. This is often done in an ad hoc style with no reproducibility, violating proper configuration management practices. In this paper we show that build management, software deployment and service deployment can be integrated into a single formalism. We do this in the context of the Nix software deployment system, and show that its advantages — co-existence of versions and variants, atomic upgrades and rollbacks, and component closure — extend naturally to service deployment. The approach also elegantly extends to distributed services. In addition, we show that the Nix expression language can simplify the implementation of crosscutting variation points in services. 1