"... In PAGE 15: ... This index, which is based on subjective survey information, reflects the risk of a modification in a contract taking the form of repudiation, postponement, or scaling down due to budget cutbacks, indigenization pressure, a change in government, or a change in government economic and social policies. Table1 shows the values of the contract repudiation indicator, which ranges between 0 and 10, along with the other ICRG variables for MENA countries in 1995.2 The impact of credibility problems on the economy can be partly measured by shortages of infrastructure services in excess of deviations in demand due to any wedge between price and marginal cost of production.... In PAGE 26: ... While there have been many civil service reform studies and projects around the world, quantitative documentation of cross-country differences of civil service institutions is quite scarce. Cross- country studies of economic policy and performance that have tried to use a measure have mostly relied on the subjective rankings such as the one in ICRG data set (see Table1 ). Recently, Rauch and Evans (1997) have completed a questionnaire for 35 developing countries that contains data concerning the Weberian characteristics of administrative systems.... In PAGE 32: ... World Bank (1995) makes an attempt to identify the determinants of desirability, feasibility, and credibility of reforms. However, in its analysis, desirability boils down to the presence of economic crisis and the exclusion of beneficiaries of status quo from the leadership apos;s base of support (hypotheses 1 and 4 in Table1 ). Feasibility taken to mean compensation of the losers and authoritarianism or solid legislative 8 This perspective portrays the difficulties of the government in controlling firms as a problem of imperfect information, which provides the manager with informational rents that are costly for the politicians.... In PAGE 39: ...repudiation and rule of law (see Table1 ), MENA countries used to rank among the lowest in the world. Although things have improved in recent years, compared to other parts of the world policy-induced business risks remain high in MENA countries.... ..."

"... In PAGE 5: ... The WTO regime 25 C. Assessment of the role of standards as instruments of trade policy in the WTO regime 33 V Conclusion 38 References 41 List of Tables Table 1: Two Types of Standards 10 Table2 : Prevailing Institutional Features of Standards Organizations 17 Table 3: Main Sources of Standards-Related Elements of the WTO Tele- communications Regime 27 Table 4: Selected Rules of the Code of Good Practice for the Preparation, Adoption, and Applications of Standards... In PAGE 33: ... This problem motivated the committee to specify principles for the development of international standards in an appendix (Annex 4) to the report. These principles are virtually identical to what has been identified as the prevailing institutional features of standards organizations in Table2 above. They include transparency, openness, impartiality and consensus, and they are shared, as argued above, by the official standardization organizations and many private ones as well.... In PAGE 33: ...ssumptions. Only a few critical provisions and rules are examined here. 1. The first rule (one standard rule) is akin to what is called the principle of parsimony of standards in Table2 , which has been identified as an institutional feature of standardization shared by many standards organizations. This principle relates to international trade rules according to which standards and regulations are to be international or based on international standards.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ...ther than 0.4 or 0.5 produces an unde nable (descrip- tion space level) protected rank policy as a result of a maximum recorded rank position of one. The results recorded in Table7 are almost identical to the results recorded in Table 6. The only signi cant di erence is that a (description space level) protected rank policy that is satis ed by the non-secure rank range, [L = 1, U = 1], is realizable through the application of a (description level) protected threshold policy de ned at a threshold value ( quot;) of 0.... ..."

"... In PAGE 30: ...n www.bioplanet.com show a decline over time in demand, which, as noted above, corresponds to the drop in demand suggested by declining numbers of positions in Science. Table10 presents the distribution of positions advertised on www.bioplanet.... ..."

"... In PAGE 30: ...n www.bioplanet.com show a decline over time in demand, which, as noted above, corresponds to the drop in demand suggested by declining numbers of positions in Science. Table10 presents the distribution of positions advertised on www.bioplanet.... ..."