Abstract

and a long-term commitment is required to restore or recover them. A third implication of the multiple fram-ings concerns the role of valuation. Most en-vironmental decisions are made on the basis of economic arguments that consider costs and benefits, usually based on monetary values. By not having good metrics or by re-jecting the idea of valuation in principle ( 20) because of its stark formulation in a “nature for people ” framing, conservationists may cause nature to be excluded from such deci-sions. If the benefits provided by nature are assigned no value, they are treated as having no value, and current trends in the decline