Abstract

Theories of internalization typically suggest that self-perceptions of the "causes" of(i.e., reasons for) behavior are differentiated along a continuum of autonomy that contains identifiable gradations. A model of perceived locus of causality (PLOC) is developed, using children's self-reported reasons for acting. In Project 1, external, introjected, identified, and intrinsic types of reasons for achievementrelated behaviors are shown to conform to a simplex-like (ordered correlation) structure in four samples. These reason categories are then related to existing measures of PLOC and to motivation. A second project examines 3 reason categories (external, introject, and identification) within the domain of prosoeial behavior. Relations with measures of empathy, moral judgment, and positive interpersonal relatedness are presented. Finally, the proposed model and conceptualization of PLOC are discussed with regard to intrapersonal versus interpersonal perception, internalization, causereason distinctions, and the significance of perceived autonomy in human behavior. A central issue for theories of motivation concerns the perceived locus relative to the person of variables that cause or give impetus to behavior, Heider (1958) introduced the concept of perceived locus of causality (PLOC) primarily in reference to interpersonal perception, and more specifically with regard to the phenomenal analysis of how one infers the motives and intentions of others. He distinguished between personal causation, the critical feature of which is intention, and impersonal causation, in which environments, independent of the person's intentions, produce a given effect. DeCharms (1968) elaborated and extended Heider's phenomenal analysis, particularly with regard to the explanation of behavior (as opposed to outcomes). DeCharms argued that there is a further distinction within personal causation or intentional behavior between an internal PLOC, in which the actor is perceived as an "origin" of his or her behavior, and an external PLOC, in which the actor is seen as a "pawn" to heteronomous forces. The distinction between internal and external PLOC has since been crucial for studies of intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation and of perceived autonomy more generally (Deci &